Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). British Museum (Natural History) Converted as part of the ABLE project by Dauvit King London : BM(NH) Continued as: Bulletin of the Natural History Museum. Entomology series Vol.1 (1950) - vol.61 (1992) 2 4 This document has been converted to TEI XML as part of the ABLE project to make it more widely available to biodiversity researchers in a useful format. eng text No corrections have been made in the text. The original source has not been regularized or normalized. Quotation marks have not been processed. They are as in the original DjVu XML document. Hyphens, including end-of-line hyphens, have not been processed. They are as in the original DjVu XML document. The text has been segmented based purely on layout based on page breaks. No language level segmetation, such as sentences, tone-units or graphemic, has been applied. Additional mark up using taXMLit has been applied to the TEI XML based on analysis of the original source through the uBio and OpenCalais web services. (Add comment for fuzzy matching once this has been brought into the final workflow too.) n i SEUM Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology series Vol49 1984 British Museum (Natural History)London 1984 Dates of publication of the parts Nol 28 June 1984 No 2 26 July 1984 No 3 30 August 1984 No 4 20 December 1984 No 5 20 December 1984 ISSN 0524-6431 Printed in Great Britain by Henry Ling Ltd, at the Dorset Press, Dorchester, Dorset ContentsEntomology Volume 49 No 1 Afrotropical jumping plant lice of the family Triozidae (Homoptera:Psylloidea)By David Hollis 1 No 2 The taxonomy of the western European grasshoppers of the genusEuchorthippus, with special reference to their songs (Orthoptera:Acrididae)By D. R. Ragge & W. J. Reynolds 103 No 3 An historical review of the higher classification of the Noctuidae(Lepidoptera)By Ian J. Kitching 153 No 4 The Pimplinae, Xoridinae, Acaenitinae and Lycorininae (Hymenop-tera: Ichneumonidae) of AustraliaBy I. D. Gauld .235 No 5 The Palaearctic species of Ascogaster (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) By T. Huddleston 341 > n i Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural BRITISH Mi;(NATURAL HISTORY! 29JUN1984 Afro tropical jumping plant liceof the family Triozidae(Homoptera: Psylloidea) David Hollis Entomology seriesVol 49 No 1 28 June 1984 The Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), instituted in 1949, is issued in fourscientific series, Botany, Entomology, Geology (incorporating Mineralogy) and Zoology,and an Historical series. Papers in the Bulletin are primarily the results of research carried out on the unique andever-growing collections of the Museum, both by the scientific staff of the Museum and byspecialists from elsewhere who make use of the Museum's resources. Many of the papers areworks of reference that will remain indispensable for years to come. Parts are published at irregular intervals as they become ready, each is complete in itself,available separately, and individually priced. Volumes contain about 300 pages and severalvolumes may appear within a calendar year. Subscriptions may be placed for one or more ofthe series on either an Annual or Per Volume basis. Prices vary according to the contents ofthe individual parts. Orders and enquiries should be sent to: t \SH ^^Publications Sales fs'** -"•»•* """^^^w. v'J^'Ck _ ... », ,UCA i ;c/v s^XJ*7 vw British Musei\ n i.l j Museum (Natural History),Cromwell Road, London SW75BD,England. WorlcTList abbreviation: Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.) © Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), 1984 The Entomology series is produced under the general editorship of the Keeper of Entomology: Laurence A. Mound Assistant Editor: W. Gerald Tremewan ISBN 0 565 06003 1ISSN 0524-6431 British Museum (Natural History)Cromwell RoadLondon SW7 5BD Entomology seriesVol49Nolppl-102 Issued 28 June 1984 Afrotropical jumping plant lice of the familTriozidae (Homoptera: Psylloidea) BRITISH MU: 2 9 JU,\I934 David Hollis Department of Entomology, British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, LondonSW7 5BD Contents Synopsis 1 Introduction 2 Checklist, host plants and distribution of Afrotropical Triozidae 4 Material, methods and terminology 7 Acknowledgements 8 Triozidae Low 8 Characters and their polarity 9 Identification 18 Key to species of Afrotropical Triozidae 18 Triozamia Vondracek 22 Afrotrioza gen. n 25 Trichochermes Kirkaldy 26 Pauropsylla Riibsaamen 27 The willcocks/-group 29 The trigemma-group 31 The sep//ma-group 32 Ungrouped species 33 Trioza Foerster 35 The erytreae-group 36 The litseae-group 43 The anomalicornis-group 44 The neoboutonia-group 46 The hargreavesi-group 50 The obsoleta-group 51 The cockerelli-group 55 The etiennei-group 56 The glabea-group 59 Ungrouped species 60 Doubtful species 69 References 69 Index to host plants 101 Index 101 Synopsis The family Triozidae is defined within the context of the superfamily Psylloidea. A list is given of the generaincluded in the family, on a world basis, with type-species and a summary of numbers of species, theirdistribution and host plant data. The family-group name Pauropsyllinae is placed within the Triozidae,necessitating the transfer of Paurocephala back to the Aphalaridae and Microceropsylla and Pelmato-brachia to the Calophyidae, and seven new combinations. The genus-group name Sympauropsylla issynonymised with Pauropsylla. A checklist of Afrotropical taxa is given, with host plant and distributiondata, and a key is provided for the identification of the 69 recognisable species. Two of the eight previouslydescribed species are treated as doubtful because their types are lost or untraced and the species cannot berecognised from their original descriptions; Trioza eastopi Orian is synonymised with T. litseae Bordage;one new genus and 63 new species are described. Trioza eastopiTrioza eastopiTriozaeastopi6766232 T. litseaeTanzania litseaeT[anzania]litseae Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.) 49 (1): 1-102 Issued 28 June 1984 2 DAVID HOLLIS Introduction Throughout the world, species of the family Triozidae display a wide range of body form andhost plant preferences. Currently 48 genera are recognised but many of these are poorly definedand have no clear diagnostic features. Members of the family may be recognised easily, in theadult stage, by the unique venation and structure of the forewing (pp. 8-10, and Figs 40, 43).Fifth instar larvae of most species are also characteristic as the head and body margins normallyhave a complete fringe of specialised wax-producing setae called sectasetae (Figs 280,289,315).Table 1 gives, for each genus of Triozidae, a summary of the type-species, numbers of speciesincluded, distribution and host plant preferences. Table 1 Genera of Triozidae with type-species, numbers of species, distribution and host plant data. Numbers ofspecies recorded in parenthesis under one zoogeographical region also occur in another region. For the purposes of thistable species previously included under the generic names Megatrioza, Heterotrioza and Smirnovla are here includedunder Trioza. (Heterotrioza Dobreanu & Manolache, 1962: 258; type-species Trioza obliqua Thomson. MegatriozaCrawford, 1915: 264; type-species M. armata Crawford. Smirnovia Klimaszewski, 1968: 13; type-species Triozafemoralis Foerster.) Trioza obliquaTrioza obliquaTriozaobliqua6737987 M. armataMegatrioza armataM[egatrioza]armata GENUS NUMBERSOF SPECIES HOST PLANTFAMILIES 6 -> S 5 < 3 < J K a S < C£ LJ <H< u H o H E C 2 S • z ^ 5 < O uj HWH >- ^ H < E 3 C % ~ o - -a, < O <° < £ Z Z /tacam/ioc/iema Trioza casuarina Froggatt, Trioza casuarinaTrioza casuarinaTriozacasuarina Casuarinaceae, Tuthill & Taylor, original designation Proteaceae, 1955: 252 3 3 Myrtaceae >4nomocep/ia/a Anomocelphala unica Tuthill, Tuthill, 1943: 75 original designation 1 1 unknown Bactericera Puton, Bactericera perrisii Puton, by Bactericera perrisiiBactericera perrisiiBactericeraperrisii6170568 Compositae (one on 1876: 286 monotypy 5 5 Allium) Calinda Blanchard, Type-species not designated 1852: 309 8 8 unknown Cecidotrioza Cecidotrioza baccarum Cecidotrioza baccarumCecidotrioza baccarumCecidotriozabaccarum Symplocaceae, Kieffer, 1908: 159 Kieffer, by monotypy 2 1 3 Compositae Ceropsylla Riley, Ceropsylla sideroxyli Riley, Ceropsylla sideroxyliCeropsylla sideroxyliCeropsyllasideroxyli 1885: 76 by monotypy 3 1 4+(l) 8 various Cerotrioza Cerotrioza bivittata Crawford, Cerotrioza bivittataCerotrioza bivittataCerotriozabivittata2724985 Crawford, 1918: original designation 454 1 2 3 Flacourtaceae Crawforda Crawforda triopsyllina Crawforda triopsyllinaCrawforda triopsyllinaCrawfordatriopsyllina2724988 Caldwell, 1940: Caldwell, original 397 designation 1 1 Araliaceae Dasymastix Trioza gigantea Crawford, Trioza giganteaTrioza giganteaTriozagigantea6678026 Enderlein, 1921: original designation 122 1 1 unknown Egeirotrioza Boselli, Trioza ceardi de Bergevin, Trioza ceardiTrioza ceardiTriozaceardi Salicaceae 1931:268 original designation 11 11 (Populus) Engytatoneura Engytatoneura lindbergi Engytatoneura lindbergiEngytatoneura lindbergiEngytatoneuralindbergi Loginova, 1972ft: Loginova, original 33 designation 1 1 unknown Epitrioza Epitrioza mizuhonica Epitrioza mizuhonicaEpitrioza mizuhonicaEpitriozamizuhonica7073268 Kuwayama, 1910: Kuwayama, original 55 designation 11 11 Eleagnaceae Eryngiofaga Trioza mesomela Flor, Trioza mesomelaTrioza mesomelaTriozamesomela Klimaszewski, original designation 1968: 10 13 13 Umbelliferae Eutrioza Loginova Eutrioza opima Loginova, by Eutrioza opimaEutrioza opimaEutriozaopima6531969 1964: 473 monotypy 1 1 unknown Hemischizocranium Hemischizocranium bessi Hemischizocranium bessiHemischizocranium bessiHemischizocraniumbessi2724991 Tuthill, 1956: 158 Tuthill, original designation 2 2 Rutaceae Hemitrioza Hemitrioza sonchi Crawford, Hemitrioza sonchiHemitrioza sonchiHemitriozasonchi6775315 Crawford, 1914:104 original designation 1 1 Compositae Hevaheva Kirkaldy, Hevaheva perkinsi Kirdkaldy, Hevaheva perkinsiHevaheva perkinsiHevahevaperkinsi2724999 Rutaceae, 1902: 113 by monotypy 8 8 Xanthophyllaceae Izpania Izpania acona Klimaszewski, Klimaszewski, original designation 1962: 254 1 1 unknown Kuwayama Paratrioza medicaginis Paratrioza medicaginisParatrioza medicaginisParatriozamedicaginis Crawford, 1911: Crawford, original 503 designation 5 1 + (1) 11 17 various Leptotrioza Neotriozella bicolor Neotriozella bicolorNeotriozella bicolorNeotriozellabicolor Miyatake, 1972: 29 Crawford, original designation 1 1 ? Annonaceae AFROTROPICAL JUMPING PLANT LICE GENUS TYPE-SPECIES DISTRIBUTION NUMBERSOF SPECIES HOST PLANTFAMILIES Leptynoptera Leptynoptera sulfurea Leptynoptera sulfureaLeptynoptera sulfureaLeptynopterasulfurea2725008 Crawford, 1919: Crawford, original Guttiferae 147 designation (1) 1 + (1) 1 + (1) 2 (Calophyllum) Leuronota Trioza maculata Crawford, Trioza maculataTrioza maculataTriozamaculata5755640 Crawford, 1914: 67 original designation 1 3 1 2 6 + (1) 13 various Levidea Tuthill, Levidea lineata Tuthill, Levidea lineataLevidea lineataLevidealineata 1938: 245 original designation 1 1 Compositae Metatrioza Tuthill, Metatrioza pubescens Tuthill, Metatrioza pubescensMetatrioza pubescensMetatriozapubescens 1939: 53 original designation 2 2 unknown Myrmecephala Myrmecephala prima Tuthill , Myrmecephala primaMyrmecephala primaMyrmecephalaprima Tuthill, 1945: 22 original designation 2 2 unknown Neolithus Scott, Neolithus fasciatus Scott, by Neolithus fasciatusNeolithus fasciatusNeolithusfasciatus6637235 Euphorbiaceae 1882a: 445 monotypy 1 1 (Sapium) Neotrioza Kieffer, Neotrioza machili Kieffer, by Neotrioza machiliNeotrioza machiliNeotriozamachili 1905: 175 monotypy 1 1 2 Lauraceae Neotriozella Trioza immaculata Crawford, Trioza immaculataTrioza immaculataTriozaimmaculata Crawford, 1911: 503 original designation 4 4 ? Rosaceae Optomopsylla Optomopsylla formiciformis Optomopsylla formiciformisOptomopsylla formiciformisOptomopsyllaformiciformis Caldwell, 1944: Caldwell, original 338 designation 1 1 ? Salicaceae Ozotrioza Kieffer, Type-species not designated Styracaceae, 1905: 178 2 Lauraceae Paracomeca Laing, Paracomeca fuscata Laing, Paracomeca fuscataParacomeca fuscataParacomecafuscata6637237 1923: 702 original designation 1 1 ? Ulmaceae Paratrioza Paratrioza ocellata Crawford, Paratrioza ocellataParatrioza ocellataParatriozaocellata Crawford, 1910: subsequent designation by 228 Crawford, 1911:446 4 6 (2) 10 Mainly Solanaceae Pariaconus Kuwayama nigricapita [as Kuwayama nigricapitaKuwayama nigricapitaKuwayamanigricapita2725005 Enderlein, 1926: nigricapatus] Crawford, 401 original designation 1 1 Myrtaceae Pauropsylla Pauropsylla udei Riibsaamen, Pauropsylla udeiPauropsylla udeiPauropsyllaudei Riibsaamen, by monotypy Moraceae (Ficus), 1899:262 2 13 5 2 + (1) 22 ? Rubiaceae Paurotriozana Paurotriozana adaptata Paurotriozana adaptataPaurotriozana adaptataPaurotriozanaadaptata2725014 Caldwell, 1940: Caldwell, original 396 designation 1 1 Lauraceae Petalolyma Scott , Psylla basalts Walker, by 1882b: 359 monotypy 1 1 Fagaceae Pseudotrioza Pseudotrioza hiurai Pseudotrioza hiuraiPseudotrioza hiuraiPseudotriozahiurai Miyatake, 1972: Miyatake, original 27 designation 1 1 Anacardiaceae Rhegmoza Rhegmoza tinctoria Rhegmoza tinctoriaRhegmoza tinctoriaRhegmozatinctoria Enderlein, 1918: Enderlein, original 480 designation 1 1 unknown Rhinopsylla Riley , Rhinopsylla sch warzii Riley , Rhinopsylla schRhinopsylla schRhinopsyllasch 1885:77 by monotypy 1 21 4 (1) 8 unknown Schedoneolithus Schedoneolithus dunaliae Schedoneolithus dunaliaeSchedoneolithus dunaliaeSchedoneolithusdunaliae Tuthill, 1959: 26 Tuthill, original designation 1 1 Solanaceae Schedotrioza Tuthill Trioza eucalypti Froggatt, Trioza eucalyptiTrioza eucalyptiTriozaeucalypti & Taylor. 1955: 251 original designation 4 4 Myrtaceae Stenopsylla Stenopsylla nigricornis Stenopsylla nigricornisStenopsylla nigricornisStenopsyllanigricornis Symplocaceae, Kuwayama, 1910: Kuwayama, original Myrsinaceae, 53 designation 2 3 5 Ericaceae Swezeyana Swezeyana elongagena Swezeyana elongagenaSwezeyana elongagenaSwezeyanaelongagena2725016 Caldwell, 1940: Caldwell. original 389 designation 2 2 Sapotaceae Trichochermes Trioza walkeri Foerster, by Trioza walkeriTrioza walkeriTriozawalkeri Kirkaldy, 1904: 280 monotypy 4 1 2 7 Mainly Rhamnaceae Trioza Foerster, Chermes urticae Linnaeus, by Chermes urticaeChermes urticaeChermesurticae 1848: 82 subsequent designation. Oshanin, 1912: 128 133 53 24 + (3) 28 + (2) 3 61 + (2) 43 + (3)44 + (9) 389 various Triozamia Rhinopsylla lamborni Rhinopsylla lamborniRhinopsylla lamborniRhinopsyllalamborni Vondracek, 1963: Newstead, original 266 designation 3 3 Moraceae (Antiaris) Triozoida Crawford, Triozoida johnsonii Triozoida johnsoniiTriozoida johnsoniiTriozoidajohnsonii 1911: 491 Crawford, original designation 5 various Afrotrioza gen. n. Afrotrioza bersama sp. n.. Afrotrioza bersamaAfrotrioza bersamaAfrotriozabersama6766177 here designated 1 1 Melianthaceae Numbers of species 186 71 46 41 10 86 65 88 593 4 DAVID HOLLIS Like most Psylloidea, triozid species have very restricted trophic requirements, at least intheir larval stages. They are associated with dicotyledonous plants, and the host range oftriozids, as a whole, is greater than any other family of psyllids. It is worthy of note that thefamily does not colonise the Fabaceae (= Leguminosae), a plant family greatly exploited by theArytaininae/Euphalerinae complex of the Psyllidae. Two Trioza species in New Zealand, T.colorata (Ferris & Klyver) and T. dacrydii Tuthill, are known to develop on Dacrydium, agymnosperm (Podocarpaceae); and one species in Hawaii, Megatrioza palmicola Crawford,develops on Pritchardia spp. (Palmae). One Palaearctic species, Trioza nigricornis Foerster, isapparently polyphagous and has been recorded from Brassica (Cruciferae), Daucus (Apiaceae),Solarium (Solanaceae) and Beta (Chenopodiaceae), but recent work (Hodkinson, 1981) sug-gests a species complex may be involved. T. dacrydiiTrioza dacrydiiT[rioza]dacrydii Megatrioza palmicolaMegatrioza palmicolaMegatriozapalmicola Trioza nigricornisTrioza nigricornisTriozanigricornis Several other triozid species are associated with plants of economic importance. Trioza alacrisFlor causes leaf-rolling in bay laurel (Laurus nobilis, Lauraceae) and has been introduced tovarious parts of the world, along with its host plant. In the New World Paratrioza cockerelli(Sulc) causes 'psyllid yellows' on potato (Solanum tuberosum, Solanaceae); T. anceps Tuthill, T.magnoliae Ashmead and T. perseae Tuthill feed on avocado pear (Persea americana, Lauraceae)in Central and South America. In the Oriental Region Trioza vitiensis Kirkaldy causes gallformation on the leaves of Malay apple (Eugenia malaccensis, Myrtaceae), and T. cinnamomi(Boselli) larvae form pit-galls on the leaves of Cinnamomum spp. (Lauraceae). In North Africaand the eastern Mediterranean basin Pauropsylla willcocksi Dcbski causes pit-gall formation onthe leaves of fig trees (Ficus sycomorus, Moraceae). T. litseae Bordage develops on Litseaglutinosa (Lauraceae) and feeds as an adult on Vanillaplanifolia (Orchidaceae) on Reunion andMauritius, and T. erytreae (Del Guercio) is a serious pest of citrus (Rutaceae) in eastern andsouthern Africa where it is the principal vector of 'citrus greening disease'. T. litseaeTanzania litseaeT[anzania]litseae Trioza alacrisTrioza alacrisTriozaalacris6135961 Paratrioza cockerelliParatrioza cockerelliParatriozacockerelli3509690 Solanum tuberosumSolanum tuberosumSolanumtuberosum2669400 T. ancepsTrioza ancepsT[rioza]anceps T. perseaeTrioza perseaeT[rioza]perseae Persea americanaPersea americanaPerseaamericana2645111 Trioza vitiensisTrioza vitiensisTriozavitiensis6284165 Eugenia malaccensisEugenia malaccensisEugeniamalaccensis2770815 T. cinnamomiTrioza cinnamomiT[rioza]cinnamomi Pauropsylla willcocksiPauropsylla willcocksiPauropsyllawillcocksi5643055 Ficus sycomorusFicus sycomorusFicussycomorus2670513 T. erytreaeTanzania erytreaeT[anzania]erytreae Because of its pest status, T. erytreae has received considerable attention from biologists.Information on its life-cycle, bionomics, control, and further references may be found in Catling(19690; 19696; 1969c; 1970; 1971; 1972; 1973); Moran (1968a; 19686); Moran& Blowers (1967);Moran & Brown (1973); and Moran & Buchan (1975). This species is of considerable taxonomicinterest as it is part of a complex of species, all of which are difficult to define morphologically,but which have discrete host plant preferences (see pp. 36-42). T. erytreaeTanzania erytreaeT[anzania]erytreae Five other triozid species are recorded from the Afrotropical Region and the present paperadds a further 63 hitherto undescribed species to this list. A species and host plant checklist isgiven below. Checklist, host plants and distribution of Afrotropical Triozidae SPECIES HOST PLANTS DISTRIBUTION family species AFrotrioza bersama sp. n. Melianthaceae AFrotrioza bersamaAFrotrioza bersamaAFrotriozabersama6766177 Bersama sp. Tanzania Pauropsylla angolensis sp. n. Pauropsylla angolensisPauropsylla angolensisPauropsyllaangolensis6766200 Not known Angola /'. breviantennata sp. n. Not known Ghana, Nigeria P. eastopisp. n. P. eastopiPauropsylla eastopiP[auropsylla]eastopi Not known Cameroun P. longipessp. n. Moraceae P. longipesPauropsylla longipesP[auropsylla]longipes Ficus sp. Ghana, Nigeria,Cameroun, Tanzania P. mistura sp. n. Not known Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroun P. ngongaesp. n. Not known Kenya P. proxima sp. n. Moraceae P. proximaPauropsylla proximaP[auropsylla]proxima Ficus thonningii Blume; Ficus thonningiiFicus thonningiiFicusthonningii2676323 Nigeria, Cameroun, Ficus sp. Angola SPECIES AFROTROPICAL JUMPING PLANT LICEHOST PLANTS DISTRIBUTION family species P. senegalensis sp. n. Moraceae P. senegalensisPauropsylla senegalensisP[auropsylla]senegalensis FiCHJ Sp. Senegal P. septima sp. n. P. septimaPauropsylla septimaP[auropsylla]septima Not known Cameroun P. tatrichea sp. n. P. tatricheaPauropsylla tatricheaP[auropsylla]tatrichea Not known Ivory Coast, Cameroun P. trichaeta Pettey Moraceae P. trichaetaPauropsylla trichaetaP[auropsylla]trichaeta Ficus sur Forskal; Ficus sp. Ficus surFicus surFicussur3461378 Pan-African P. trigemma sp. n. P. trigemmaPauropsylla trigemmaP[auropsylla]trigemma Not known Angola, Tanzania P. wilkocksi Dcbski Moraceae Ficus sycomorus Linn. ; F.gnaphalocarpa A. Rich;Ficus sp. Ficus sycomorusFicus sycomorusFicussycomorus2670513 Cape Verde Is., Senegal,Sudan, Egypt, SaudiArabia Trichochermes insleyi Capener Rhamnaceae Ziziphus mucronata Willd. Ziziphus mucronataZiziphus mucronataZiziphusmucronata3462053 South Africa (Transvaal) Trioza afrobsoleta sp. n. Ebenaceae Trioza afrobsoletaTrioza afrobsoletaTriozaafrobsoleta6766216 Diospyros mespiliformisHochst.exA. DC Diospyros mespiliformisDiospyros mespiliformisDiospyrosmespiliformis3420893 Ivory Coast, Ghana,Nigeria, Sudan, Angola,Tanzania T. afrosersalisia sp. n. Sapotaceae T. afrosersalisiaTrioza afrosersalisiaT[rioza]afrosersalisia Afrosersalisia sp. Tanzania, South Africa(Cape Province) 7. anomalicornis sp. n. Not known Nigeria, Cameroun T. ata sp. n. Salicaceae T. ataTrioza ataT[rioza]ata Salix sa/sa/Forssk. Angola, Tanzania '/'. bamendae sp. n. Not known Cameroun T. boxisp. n. Ebenaceae Diospyros canaliculata DeWild Diospyros canaliculataDiospyros canaliculataDiospyroscanaliculata9427135 Ghana T. bussei Zacher ?Apocynaceae T. busseiTanzania busseiT[anzania]bussei Kickxia sp. Cameroun 7. camerounensissp. n. Not known Cameroun T. cape/ier/sp. n. T. capensissp. n. T. capensisTrioza capensisT[rioza]capensis T. carvalhoisp. n. T. carvalhoiTrioza carvalhoiT[rioza]carvalhoi T. catling! sp. n. T. chiangae sp. n. T. chiangaeTrioza chiangaeT[rioza]chiangae 7. dinaba sp. n. 7. eafra sp. n. T. erytreae (Del Guercio) T. erytreaeTanzania erytreaeT[anzania]erytreae AraliaceaeSolanaceae AraliaceaeMenispermaceae Uapacaceae AraliaceaeRutaceae Seemannaralia gerrardii(Seeman.) Vig. Seemannaralia gerrardiiSeemannaralia gerrardiiSeemannaraliagerrardii5976367 Lycium salinicolaVerdoorn; L.?tetrandrum Thunb. Lycium salinicolaLycium salinicolaLyciumsalinicola9165067 Cussonia angolensis Hiern;C. paniculata Ecklon.; C.spicata Thunb. & Zeyher Cussonia angolensisCussonia angolensisCussoniaangolensis7564258 C. paniculataCussonia paniculataC[ussonia]paniculata Cissampelos torulosa E.Mey. ex Harv. & Sond.;Cissampelos sp.;Stephania abyssinica(Dill. & Rich.) Walp Cissampelos torulosaCissampelos torulosaCissampelostorulosa8846982 Stephania abyssinicaStephania abyssinicaStephaniaabyssinica8846612 Uapaca nitida Muell. Arg. Uapaca nitidaUapaca nitidaUapacanitida5858496 Not known Cussonia spicata Thunb. Cussonia spicataCussonia spicataCussoniaspicata5832236 Cussonia spCussoniaCussoniasp Clausena anisata (Willd.)Oliv.; Citrus spp.; Fagara Clausena anisataClausena anisataClausenaanisata5830304 South Africa (Natal) South Africa (CapeProvince and OrangeFree State) Kenya, Angola, SouthAfrica (Transvaal andNatal), Swaziland Kenya, Tanzania, SouthAfrica (Transvaal) Angola Ghana, NigeriaKenya, Tanzania Tropical and South Africa,Sao Tome, St Helena, SPECIES DISTRIBUTION family species capmsisThunb.; Veprisundulata (Thunb.)Verdoorn & C. A. Smith Reunion, Madagascar T. etienneisp. n. T. etienneiTrioza etienneiT[rioza]etiennei Sapotaceae Malacantha alnifolia(Baker) Pierre Malacantha alnifoliaMalacantha alnifoliaMalacanthaalnifolia5843541 Senegal, Ghana, Nigeria 7 . ficicola sp. n. Moraceae FJCRS sp. Mozambique T. fuscivena sp. n. T. fuscivenaTrioza fuscivenaT[rioza]fuscivena Not known Cameroun 7 . ghanaensis sp. n. Sapotaceae Malacantha sp. Ghana, Zaire 7 . glabea sp. n. Not known Angola 7 . gonjae sp. n. Ebenaceae Diospyros squarrosusKlotzch Diospyros squarrosusDiospyros squarrosusDiospyrossquarrosus Tanzania T. gregoryi sp. n. T. gregoryiTrioza gregoryiT[rioza]gregoryi Not known Nigeria, Burundi, Tanzania 7 . guiera sp. n. Combretaceae Guiera senegalensis J. F.Gmel. Guiera senegalensisGuiera senegalensisGuierasenegalensis9449595 Senegal, Gambia, Chad,Sudan T. hargreaves/sp. n. Not known Nigeria, Uganda T. hartenisp. n. Uapacaceae Uapaca nitida Muell. Agr. Uapaca nitidaUapaca nitidaUapacanitida5858496 Angola 7. kakamegaesp. n. Icacinaceae Apodytes dimidiata E.Mey. Apodytes dimidiataApodytes dimidiataApodytesdimidiata3449371 Kenya 7 . karroo sp. n. Not known South Africa (CapeProvince) 7 . kilimanjarica sp. n. Not known Tanzania T.Iaingisp. n. ?Scrophulariaceae ?Bartsia longiflora Benth. Bartsia longifloraBartsia longifloraBartsialongiflora8962881 Ethiopia, Kenya T. litseae Bordage Lauraceae Lltsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B. Rob. Reunion, Mauritius 7 . luvandata sp. n. Not known Angola T. medlerisp. n. Not known Nigeria, ?Zaire 7 . menispermicola sp. n. Menispermaceae Cissampelos owariensis P.Beauv. ex A. DC;Triclisia macrophyllaOliv.; T. patens Oliv. Cissampelos owariensisCissampelos owariensisCissampelosowariensis8847265 Triclisia macrophyllaTriclisia macrophyllaTriclisiamacrophylla5989165 T. patensTriclisia patensT[riclisia]patens Ghana, Nigeria 7 . messaratina sp. n. Not known Tanzania 7 . mimusopssp. n. Sapotaceae Mimusops caffra E. Mey.ex A. DC; M. obovataSonder; M. zeyheriSender Mimusops caffraMimusops caffraMimusopscaffra5844919 M. obovataMimusops obovataM[imusops]obovata M. zeyheriMimusops zeyheriM[imusops]zeyheri South Africa (Transvaal,Natal, Cape Province) T. mirificornissp. n. Not known Cameroun, Uganda 7 . nachingweae sp . n. Not known Tanzania 7 . neoboutonia sp. n. Euphorbiaceae Neoboutonia sp. Tanzania AFROTROPICAL JUMPING PLANT LICE HOST PLANTS DISTRIBUTION family species T. nestasimara sp. n.T. pitkinisp. n. T. nestasimaraTrioza nestasimaraT[rioza]nestasimara T. pitkiniTrioza pitkiniT[rioza]pitkini T. schroederisp. n. T. schroederiTrioza schroederiT[rioza]schroederi 7. seranistama sp. n. T. similis Heslop-Harrison /. tangae sp. n.7. tavandula sp. n.T. tenuissp. n. T. tenuisTrioza tenuisT[rioza]tenuis T. theronisp. n.T. thibae sp. n. T. thibaeTrioza thibaeT[rioza]thibae 7. tiliacora sp. n.7. tundavalaesp. n. T. usambarica sp. n./. xylopia sp. n. Triozamia lamborni Triozamia lamborniTriozamia lamborniTriozamialamborni6766266 (Newstead) 7. usambarensissp. n. T. vondraceki sp. n. Sapotaceae Sapindaceae Icacinaceae MenispermaceaeMyrtaceae AnnonaceaeMoraceae Moraceae Moraceae Not known Chrysophyllum viridifoliumWood & Franks or C.pruiniforme Engl. Chrysophyllum viridifoliumChrysophyllum viridifoliumChrysophyllumviridifolium5860260 Not knownNot knownNot known Not knownNot known Haplocoelum foliolosum(Hiern) Bullock Haplocoelum foliolosumHaplocoelum foliolosumHaplocoelumfoliolosum5979861 Not known Apodytes dimidiata E.Mey. Apodytes dimidiataApodytes dimidiataApodytesdimidiata3449371 Tiliacora sp. Syzygium benguellense(Welw. ex Hiern) Syzygium benguellenseSyzygium benguellenseSyzygiumbenguellense Not knownXylopia sp. Antiaris toxicaria Lesch.subsp. africana (Engl.)C. C. Bergvar. africana Antiaris toxicariaAntiaris toxicariaAntiaristoxicaria1671736 Antiaris toxicaria Lesch.subsp. africana (Engl.)C. C. Bergvar.usambarensis (Engl.) C.C. Berg Antiaris toxicariaAntiaris toxicariaAntiaristoxicaria1671736 Antiaris toxicaria Lesch.subsp. africana (Engl.)C. C. Bergvar.? Antiaris toxicariaAntiaris toxicariaAntiaristoxicaria1671736 TanzaniaKenya Tanzania, ZimbabweTanzania South Africa (CapeProvince) Tanzania Angola Angola South Africa (Natal, CapeProvince) Kenya TanzaniaAngola TanzaniaTanzania Senegal, Ivory Coast,Ghana, Nigeria, Zaire,Tanzania Tanzania Central African Republic,Uganda Material, methods and terminology The bulk of the material studied is deposited in the British Museum (Natural History) (BMNH),with additional material from the Museum fur Naturkunde der Humboldt Universitat, Berlin(MNHU); Musee Royal de 1'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren (MRAC); and the [National Collec-tion of Insects] Plant Protection Research Institute, Pretoria (NCI). Holotypes and paratypes ofthe species treated below are deposited in BMNH, MNHU, NCI, Museum National d'HistoireNaturelle, Paris (MNHN); the National Museums of Kenya (NMK); South African Museum,Cape Town (SAM); and the National Museum of Natural History, Washington (USNM). 8 DAVID HOLLIS All measurements are quoted in millimetres and were taken from slide-mounted material.Reference points, within which measurements were taken of the various structures, are given inHollis (1976), with additional information in Fig. 43. The length of the antennal flagellum is asummation of the lengths of individual flagellomeres. Unless otherwise stated all figures were drawn from slide-mounted material; scale linesrepresent 0-1 mm unless labelled otherwise. On the forewing figures the outer limits of patchesof spinules are indicated by pecked lines, as is the claval suture. Each paramere figure shows theinner surface of the right paramere. The figures of the larvae show the dorsal surface outline, leftside only; details are shown of the marginal setae, representing 0.1 mm, of the head, forewingbud and caudal plate. The detail of the anal pore area is shown from a ventral view, right sideonly. Structural terminology follows that of Vondracek (1957) and Hollis (1976). Wing venationterminology is explained in Figs 40,43. The mi cell value is an expression of shape calculated bydividing the length of M1+2 by the distance between the apices of M1+2 and A/3+4. Similarly thecu\ cell value is the distance between the apices of Cwla and Cwlb divided by the length of Cwlb.The Rs-Cuia line is an imaginary line connecting the apices of Rs and Cwla. Acknowledgements I thank Dr L. A. Mound, BMNH, and Dr M. R. Wilson, Commonwealth Institute ofEntomology, London, for offering constructive criticism of early drafts of the manuscript. Thefollowing colleagues provided valuable loans and gifts of material: A. L. Capener, formerly ofNCI; Jose Passes de Carvalho, presently with Departamento de Entomologia, Esta?ao Agrono-mica Nacional, Portugal; J. Etienne, Institut Senegalais Recherches Agricoles, Ziguinchor; DrU. Gollner-Scheiding, MNHU; A. van Harten, presently with Projecto Luta Integrada, Praia,Cape Verde Is; and Dr G. Schmitz, MRAC. TRIOZIDAE Low Triozinae Low, 1879: 605, 609; Maskell, 1890: 164; Froggatt, 1901: 272; Crawford, 1914: 64; 1919: 184; Pflugfelder, 1941: 78;Tuthill, 1943: 545; 1944:144; 1952: 97; Zimmermann, 1948:14; Heslop-Harrison, 1958: 562; 1961: 529; Ramirez-Gomez, 1960: 15; Mathur, 1975: 299. Type-genus: Trioza Foerster.Triozina Low; Low, 1886: 163.Triozaria Low; Puton, 1886: 93.Triozidae Low; Edwards, 1896:251; Vondracek, 1957:297; Dobreanu & Manolache, 1962:253; Loginova, 1964: 473; Klimaszewski, 1973: 231; 1975: 201; Bekker-Migdisova, 1973: 113.Siphonaleyrodinae Takahashi, 1932: 48. Type-genus: Siphonaleyrodes Takahashi. [Synonymised by Mound & Halsey, 1978: 252.] DIFFERENTIATING DIAGNOSIS. Forewing (Fig. 40) without a costal break; R^ unbranched and pterostigmaabsent; M+Cu stem absent or very short so that R+M+Cu stem branches into its component veins atapproximately one point; Rs not fused to M stem at any point. COMMENTS. This suite of characters separates the Triozidae from all other psyllid groups and Iregard it as autapomorphic for the family. Furthermore I^elieve the morphology of the triozidforewing has evolved to produce a wing movement which is fundamentally different to that ofother psyllids: there being no nodal line, from the costal break through to the break on the hindmargin at the apex of the claval suture, for the wing to flex. Many other groups of psyllids have some, but not all, of the triozid wing features. The costalbreak is lost in the Macrohomotomini, the Carsidarini and many members of the Arytainini; inEpipsylla the pterostigma is lost; and in many members of the Calophyidae M+Cu stem isreduced. In the Central and South American genus Synoza the triozid wing condition is achievedin an entirely different way. Rs is fused to M stem along its proximal two-thirds, the costal breakis absent but C+Sc is only very weakly sclerotised in the break area. The venation of this genuscan be derived easily from that of some South East Asian members of the Homotominae towhich Synoza is most closely related. AFROTROPICAL JUMPING PLANT LICE 9 As yet I have been unable to find synapomorphies linking the Triozidae with any one othergroup of psyllids to the exclusion of all others. Therefore I am regarding the rest of the Psylloideaas a paraphyletic group with respect to the Triozidae. The systematic scope of the Triozidae, as considered here, is similar to that of most recentauthors but with the addition of the genera Pauropsylla and Leptynoptera. This is a relativelyradical change as all previous authors, apart from White (1980), regarded Pauropsylla as amember of the Pauropsyllinae (or Pauropsyllini) within either the Carsidaridae or the Aphalar-idae (seep. 27). Some attempt has been made by previous authors to provide a subfamilial or tribalclassification for the Triozidae. Vondracek (1963) placed Triozamia in the Bactericerinae butretained the subfamily within the Ciriacreminidae (sensu Heslop-Harrison, 1958; nee Hollis,1976). Klimaszewski (1964: fig. 7) divided the group into two subfamilies, the Bactericerinaeand the Triozinae. Bekker-Migdisova (1973) retained these two subfamilies and divided theBactericerinae into two tribes, the monotypic Triozamini (Triozamia) and the Bactericerini(Bactericera, Rhinopsylla, Levidea and one unnamed genus). She divided the Triozinae into theHemischizocraniini (Hemischizocranium), the Paracomecini (Paracomeca) and the Eutriozini(Eutrioza). Presumably she regarded the remaining 40 or so genera as members of a fourth tribe,the Triozini. Kwon (1983), in a review of the Korean psyllid fauna, erected the monobasic tribesEpitriozini (Epitrioza) and Trichochermini (Trichochermes), apparently without reference tothe remaining world fauna. Most of the 47 previously described triozid genera are poorly defined and often based oninadequate or primitive characters. Species have been added to various genera withoutcomparison with relevant type-species, thus stretching generic limits beyond usefulness andlogic. The resulting network of genera is impossible to unravel without an overall examination oforiginal material. No attempt is made here to 'fit' species into existing genera other than Trioza,only one new genus is erected and the bulk of the Afrotropical species are placed in Trioza on atemporary basis. Where species-groups are recognisable these are defined, and if relationshipswith the triozid fauna outside Africa are apparent then these are noted. The characters used to differentiate taxa in this paper are discussed, together with their likelypolarity. When other faunas are examined in the light of these, and probably other charactersnot considered here, we may be able to produce a reasonably natural and predictive higherclassification for the Triozidae and offer useful biogeographical comment on the group. Characters and their polarity The integument has a general covering of setae of varying density which can be of use indistinguishing between closely related species. Often the density of pilosity on the vertex andthoracic dorsum is different to that of the genal cones and legs. Illustrations of dense, sparse,long and short pilosity are given in Figs 35, 38, 39. The head, in its primitive condition, is adpressed to the thorax and not declined from thelongitudinal axis of the body (Figs 32, 33). The occipital margin is sharply defined, the mediansuture of the vertex is well developed and the median ocellus is visible from above. Frontal lobeson the vertex tend to be better developed in the primitive head condition. Genal cones arenormally well developed in the group and cover the frons. Generally, in psyllids, it is thoughtthat the absence of genal cones is~a primitive condition but their absence may be a reversal inTriozidae. The more derived head condition shows it declined towards 90° from the longitudinalaxis of the body (Fig. 34), with a rounded occipital margin. The vertex becomes roundeddownwards and lacks frontal lobes. In some species, especially in the genus Pauropsylla, themedian suture of the vertex is lost. The antenna (Figs 9-29) shows many useful characters. In the primitive condition it has ascape, pedicel and a flagellum which has eight flagellomeres, with a single rhinarium presentsubapically on each of flagellomeres 2,4,6 and 7. Several species have developed supplementaryrhinaria, particularly on the first flagellomere (Triozamia lamborni, Trioza theroni and the T.hargreavesi-group). I suspect this feature is not uniquely derived. The rhinaria are normally Triozamia lamborniTriozamia lamborniTriozamialamborni6766266 10 DAVID HOLLIS disc-shaped, with a convex centre, but may have complicated associated sensilla (Figs 22-28).Flagellomere 8 bears two terminal setae, which are subequal in length in the primitive condition.Throughout the group there is a tendency for one of the pair to become shortened and truncateapically, and this condition reaches its greatest development in Trioza anomalicornis where oneof the setae is reduced to a flat, circular sense organ (Fig. 17). The overall length of the flagellumcompared to head width is of use in distinguishing between species, and the relative lengths ofindividual flagellomeres can also be useful. Reduction in the number of flagellomeres is rare butdoes occur in some Pauropsylla species, with 3 and 5, which do not normally bear rhinaria, beinglost. Trioza anomalicornisTrioza anomalicornisTriozaanomalicornis6766218 The mouthparts are relatively standard throughout the group. The clypeus most commonlyhas a pair of setae but in some species, notably those displaying primitive character states,several setae are present (Figs 5,7). The ultimate rostral segment always bears a pair of basalsetae and one or more pairs of setae along its length. It is rarely devoid of setae supplementary tothe basal pair (Figs 6,8). The thorax, in the primitive state, is relatively flat, the pronotum is clearly visible from aboveand rounded down anteriorly behind the occiput (Figs 30,31). The propleural suture is diagonal,with the episternum somewhat larger than the epimeron, but the latter is in contact with theposterolateral corner of the pronotum. The mesopraescutum is wider than long, with a broadlyarcuate anterior margin which is gently rounded down to the pronotum. In the derived state thepronotum becomes strongly rounded down behind the occiput and is scarcely visible fromabove. The episternum becomes greatly enlarged and its posterior margin expanded laterallyand curved forward behind the eye; the epimeron being reduced and displaced ventrally. Themesopraescutum is elongated and produced forward, with a strongly arcuate anterior marginwhich is strongly rounded or angled down to the pronotum (Figs 36, 37). The/orewmg displays a number of distinct trends. The general shape varies from being ovatewith a rounded apex to elongate oval with an angular apex, but the obovate condition inPauropsylla is probably secondarily derived. The membrane may be heavily spinuled (Fig. 241)through to being devoid of spinules apart from the radular areas. The latter are normally presentat the margin of the wing in cells mi, ra2 and cu\, although more primitively they also occur in r2(Fig. 65). They may be diffuse and broad or sharply defined and narrow triangular (Figs 249,178). The wing veins are usually sparsely clothed with short setae (Fig. 126) but may bear longsetae (Figs 183, 254); the latter condition is not always associated with a dense pilosity on theintegument. In the most primitive form of venation (Fig. 268) Rs is long, M branches proximallyto the Rs-Cuia line (see p. 16) with a consequently high m\ cell value, Cu is short with aconsequently low cul cell value, and the claval suture reaches the wing margin close to the distalapex of Cwlb. In the most derived condition (Fig. 126) Rs is short, M branches distal to theRs-Cuia line with a consequently low mi cell value, Cu is long with a consequently high cui cellvalue and the claval suture reaches the hind margin distant from the apex of Cwlb and moreproximal to the base of the wing. These trends are not always associated and there are manycombinations. The hindwing, in the primitive state, is two-thirds or more as long as the forewing. The costalmargin is more densely setose, with the setae distal to the costal break not clearly divided intotwo groups (Fig. 44). In the derived state the hindwing is much shorter than the forewing and, inthe Trioza obsoleta group, it can be completely reduced and scale-like (Figs 179, 184, 189).Reduction in length is congruent with the displacement of the apex of the claval suture of theforewing towards the base of the wing. The costal margin is sparsely setose, with the setae distalto the costal break clearly divided into two groups (Fig. 42). Trioza obsoletaTrioza obsoletaTriozaobsoleta6456000 The/ore and mid legs offer few characters of taxonomic significance, although the Pauropsyllawillcocksi-group has the extraordinary development of a ventroapical spur on the fore coxa (Fig.45). One or other of the tarsal segments may be elongated. The hind leg bears several useful characters. The coxa usually bears a well-developedmeracanthus, although this is weak in Triozamia lamborni and in the Trioza etiennei-group, andthere is often an anterior lobe developed (Figs 46,47). The latter structure has, in the past, been Triozamia lamborniTriozamia lamborniTriozamialamborni6766266 Trioza etienneiTrioza etienneiTriozaetiennei6766234 AFROTROPICAL JUMPING PLANT LICE 11 used to group species but the feature has probably evolved several times. The three ventral senseorgans on the femur, which are probably stretch receptors, are usually in a medial position (Fig.49) but in Triozamia lamborni they are in the more primitive basal position (Fig. 48). The tibiahas a basal spine or tubercle, or a raised area bearing one or more small spines. The presence of alarge basal spine has been used in generic diagnoses, but I consider this to be the primitive state.Apical tibial spurs (Figs 52, 53) are normally present and are divided into an outer group of onespur and an inner group of up to four spurs. In Triozamia lamborni the outer spur is lost and theinner group consists of up to five spurs. There is a tendency towards reduction of the number ofinner spurs and there can be some variation within a species, e.g. some species which normallyhave three inner spurs occasionally have only two on one or other leg. Few species have thesespurs completely lacking but again I think this is a feature which has arisen more than once.Spurs at the apex of the basitarsus, a common feature in the rest of the Psylloidea, are, with theexception ofAfrotrioza, absent in the family. Triozamia lamborniTriozamia lamborniTriozamialamborni6766266 The abdomen, in psyllids generally, has setae on all visible abdominal tergites but thiscondition occurs in very few triozids (four species in the Afrotropical Region). The usualcondition in this family is for setae to be present only on the first, or the first two, visible tergites,i.e. tergites 2 and 3 in males and 3 and 4 in females. Trichochermes insleyi, some of the Triozaobsoleta-group and T. guiera, have setae on all tergites except the pregenital; T. mimusops hassetae only on tergites 6 to 8; T. chiangae has setae on tergites 3 to 5; and the abdominal tergites ofT. afrosersalisia are apparently devoid of setae. This character is not directly associated withgeneral body pilosity because T. medleri, probably the most setose Afrotropical species, hasonly the first visible abdominal tergite setose. T. afrosersalisiaTrioza afrosersalisiaT[rioza]afrosersalisia T. chiangaeTrioza chiangaeT[rioza]chiangae T. guieraTrioza guieraT[rioza]guiera T. mimusopsTrioza mimusopsT[rioza]mimusops T. medleriTrioza medleriT[rioza]medleri The male genitalia provides the most useful character suite for defining species. As in mostpsyllids, the proctiger is normally unsegmented (unipartite), but a bipartite proctiger occurs inTriozamia species and is almost developed in the Trioza etiennei-group. I consider a bipartiteproctiger to be the derived condition (Fig. 59). The unipartite proctiger can be a simple, almostcylindrical tube (Fig. 242) but more commonly the basal part is swollen and often bears lateralexpansions which sometimes have modified setae on their inner surfaces (Figs 76, 97,135). Theshape of the paramere and its chaetotaxy is usually definitive for a species. The aedeagus iscomposed of two articulated segments, as in most psyllids, but the apical segment is subdividedinto two parts in Triozamia lamborni and in the Trioza etiennei-group (Figs 64,200). The apicalpart of the aedeagus is usually definitive for each species, and in some cases is quite complex(Figs 88, 91,136). Triozamia lamborniTriozamia lamborniTriozamialamborni6766266 Trioza etienneiTrioza etienneiTriozaetiennei6766234 The female genital complex is usually conoid, with a subacute posterior apex (Fig. 127). Theanal pore ring usually consists of a double ring of wax-producing cells and is rarely modified; inTriozamia species it is very convoluted (Fig. 62), in the litseae-group and some species of theneoboutonia-group of Trioza it is reduced to a single ring, and in Trioza tundavalae it isincomplete anteriorly and forms multiple rows posteriorly (Fig. 274). The base of the proctiger ismuch less sclerotised than in other groups of psyllids, and is sometimes membraneous aroundthe anterior arch of the anal pore ring. The apical part of the proctiger is usually narrowed to asubacute apex but may be modified in various ways (Figs 138, 253, 274). The subgenital plate istriangular in profile and usually has a narrowly arcuate or subacute posterior margin. Occa-sionally the posterior margin is truncate or emarginate (Figs 89, 138). The lower valves of theovipositor sometimes have teeth or ridges developed (Figs 128,138, 273) which can be useful inspecies diagnosis. Trioza tundavalaeTrioza tundavalaeTriozatundavalae6372853 12 DAVID HOLLIS Figs 1-8 Afrotropical Triozidae, head and mouthparts structure. 1, Afrotrioza bersama, head, antero-dorsal view. 2, 7, 8, Trioza erytreae; 2, head, anterior view; 7, clypeus, lateral view; 8, ultimate rostralsegment. 3, Trichochermes insleyi, head, lateral view. 4, Pauropsylla trichaeta, head, anterior view. 5,6,Triozamia lamborni; 5, clypeus, lateral view; 6, ultimate rostral segment, (fl - frontal lobe; gc - genalcone.) Figs 1-4 drawn from dry mounted specimens. Afrotrioza bersamaAfrotrioza bersamaAfrotriozabersama6766177 Triozamia lamborniTriozamia lamborniTriozamialamborni6766266 Trioza erytreaeTrioza erytreaeTriozaerytreae5455476 Pauropsylla trichaetaPauropsylla trichaetaPauropsyllatrichaeta6766212 AFROTROPICAL JUMPING PLANT LICE 13 13 15 Figs 9-18 Afrotropical Triozidae, antennal structure. 9, Trioza erytreae, flagellum. 10, T. medleri,flagellum. ll,Pauropsyllatrigemma, flagellum. 12, P. breviantennata, flagellum. 13, Trioza afrobsoleta,apical flagellomere. 14, T. neoboutonia, apical flagellomere. 15, T. kakamegae, apical flagellomere. 16,T. dinaba, apical flagellomere. 17, T. anomalicornls, apical flagellomere. 18, T. tangae, subapical andapical flagellomeres. Trioza afrobsoletaTrioza afrobsoletaTriozaafrobsoleta6766216 T. medleriTrioza medleriT[rioza]medleri Trioza erytreaeTrioza erytreaeTriozaerytreae5455476 T. neoboutoniaTrioza neoboutoniaT[rioza]neoboutonia T. kakamegaeTrioza kakamegaeT[rioza]kakamegae T. dinabaTrioza dinabaT[rioza]dinaba T. tangaeTrioza tangaeT[rioza]tangae P. breviantennataPauropsylla breviantennataP[auropsylla]breviantennata 14 DAVID HOLLIS 27 \ } e^/ 24 28 tlJ gf 29 Figs 19-29 Afrotropical Triozidae, antennal structure. 19, Triozamia lamborni, 1st and 2nd flagello-meres. 20, T. vondraceki, 1st and 2nd flagellomeres. 21, T. usambarensis, 1st and 2nd flagellomeres. 22,Trioza hargreavesi, 1st flagellomere. 23, T. mirificornis, 1st flagellomere. 24, T. theroni, apical third of1st flagellomere. 25, T. dinaba, 2nd flagellomere. 26, T. pitkini, 2nd flagellomere. 27, T. capensis, 2ndflagellomere. 28, T. ghanaensis, 4th flagellomere. 29, Pauropsylla ngongae, subapical and apicalflagellomeres. Triozamia lamborniTriozamia lamborniTriozamialamborni6766266 T. vondracekiTriozamia vondracekiT[riozamia]vondraceki T. dinabaTrioza dinabaT[rioza]dinaba T. usambarensisTriozamia usambarensisT[riozamia]usambarensis Trioza hargreavesiTrioza hargreavesiTriozahargreavesi6766241 T. mirificornisTrioza mirificornisT[rioza]mirificornis T. pitkiniTrioza pitkiniT[rioza]pitkini T. capensisTrioza capensisT[rioza]capensis T. ghanaensisTrioza ghanaensisT[rioza]ghanaensis Pauropsylla ngongaePauropsylla ngongaePauropsyllangongae6766205 AFROTROPICAL JUMPING PLANT LICE 15 39 Figs 30-39 Afrotropical Triozidae, head and thorax structure. 30, 31, Triozamia vondraceki; 30, headand thorax, dorsal view; 31, same, lateral view. 32, 33, Afrotrioza bersama; 32, head and thorax, dorsalview; 33, same, lateral view. 34,35, Trioza erytreae; 34, head and thorax, lateral view; 35, mesopraescu-tum, dorsal view. 36, 37, T. tenuis; 36, head and thorax, dorsal view; 37, same, lateral view. 38, T.gonjae, mesopraescutum, dorsal view. 39, T. medleri, mesopraescutum, dorsal view. Figs 30-34, 36, 37drawn from dry mounted specimens. Afrotrioza bersamaAfrotrioza bersamaAfrotriozabersama6766177 T. medleriTrioza medleriT[rioza]medleri Trioza erytreaeTrioza erytreaeTriozaerytreae5455476 Triozamia vondracekiTriozamia vondracekiTriozamiavondraceki6766269 T. tenuisTrioza tenuisT[rioza]tenuis 16 DAVID HOLLIS Rs-Cu. Rs-Cu1a 44 42 Figs 40-44 Afrotropical Triozidae, wing structure. 40-42, Trioza erytreae; 40, forewing, showing veinand cell nomenclature; 41, hindwing; 42, costal setae of hindwing. 43, T. tennis, forewing (a/b = mi cellvalue, c/d = cui cell value). 44, Afrotrioza bersama, costal setae of hindwing. (ra - radular areas, cs -clavalsuture.) Afrotrioza bersamaAfrotrioza bersamaAfrotriozabersama6766177 Trioza erytreaeTrioza erytreaeTriozaerytreae5455476 T. tennisTrioza tennisT[rioza]tennis AFROTROPICAL JUMPING PLANT LICE 17 48 r\r \\ 51 50 Figs 45-53 Afrotropical Triozidae, leg structure. 45, Pauropsylla trichaeta, fore coxa, anteroventralview. 46,50, Trioza etiennei; 46, hind coxa, lateral view; 50, hind tibia, anterodorsal view. 47, T. gonjae,hind coxa, lateral view. 48, Triozamia lamborni, hind femur, posteroventral view. 49, 52, Triozaerytreae; 49, hind femur, posteroventral view; 52, apex of hind tibia, posteroventral view. 51, T. karroo,hind tibia, anterodorsal view. 53, T. capensis, apex of hind tibia, posterodorsal view. Triozamia lamborniTriozamia lamborniTriozamialamborni6766266 Pauropsylla trichaetaPauropsylla trichaetaPauropsyllatrichaeta6766212 T. capensisTrioza capensisT[rioza]capensis T. gonjaeTrioza gonjaeT[rioza]gonjae Trioza etienneiTrioza etienneiTriozaetiennei6766234 T. karrooTrioza karrooT[rioza]karroo 18 DAVID HOLLIS Identification The key presented below is intended to facilitate identification of Afrotropical triozid species; itdoes not reflect phylogenetic relationships. The concept of the 'genus' Trioza, used here, isadmittedly artificial, hence Trioza species key out both before and after the other includedgenera. Undoubtedly the user will have difficulty identifying species in the erytreae- and anomalicor-ms-groups of Trioza (couplets 57-65) because of their morphological homogeneity. As T.erytreae is of economic importance a summary of characters used to identify species of theerytreae-group is given in Table 4. Apart from anomaticomis, which has distinctive antennalcharacters, the other four species in this group can be separated on the basis of the shape of themale paramere and the apical segment of the aedeagus (see quadruplet 61, p. 22). No reliablecharacters were found which would discriminate between females of this group. T. bussei and T. similis are excluded from the key because of insufficient data (see p. 69). T. busseiTanzania busseiT[anzania]bussei T. similisTrioza similisT[rioza]similis Key to species of Afrotropical Triozidae 1 Forewing with extensive brown-pigmented area either as a speckled pattern over most of wing, or as an infuscation along the medial vein and extending over posterior half of wing (Figs 69, 216,245,249) 2 Forewing hyaline, if brown-pigmented areas are present they are restricted to the very base ofwing (Fig. 188), or along course of R and Rl veins (Figs 169,194,233,272), or at points whereveins meet wing margin (Fig. 202) 5 2 Forewing with brown speckled pattern over most of surface (Fig. 69); long and narrow, more than 3-5 times longer than wide; Rs strongly curved towards M} before reaching margin Trichochermes insleyi Capener (p. 26) Forewing with brown infuscation along M stem and across posterior half of wing; broader, atmost slightly more than 3 times longer than wide; Rs continuously divergent from M stem(Figs 216, 245, 249) 3 3 Small species, forewing not more than 1-8 mm long; antennal flagellum short, about as long as head width; genal cones absent Trioza pitkini sp. n. (p. 59) Trioza pitkiniTrioza pitkiniTriozapitkini6766256 Larger species, forewing more than 2 mm long; antennal flagellum more than 1-5 times longer than head width; genal cones well developed 4 4 Hind tibia with well-developed apical spurs; cu cell value 1-07-1-40; $ proctiger blunt, rounded apically in profile Trioza laingi sp. n. (p. 64) Trioza laingiTrioza laingiTriozalaingi6766245 Hind tibia without apical spurs but with a crown of stout setae; cu cell value 1-48-1-79; $proctiger acute, extended apically in profile Trioza karroo sp. n. (p. 63) Trioza karrooTrioza karrooTriozakarroo6766173 5 Forewing with a radular area present in cell r2 as well as in cells m\, ra2 and cu2, but if absent then apex of claval suture in close proximity to apex of Cu\b (Figs 56, 65); C+Sc greatly thickened along its whole length and more than twice as thick as R stem 6 Forewing with radular area absent from cell r2 and apex of claval suture distant from apex ofCwlb; C+Sc not or hardly thickened and at most slightly thicker than R stem 9 6 Metabasitarsus with a single apical spur; antenna short, flagellum 0-91-0-98 times as long as head width, 1st flagellomere without rhinaria; aedeagus 2-segmented Afrotrioza bersama sp. n. (p. 25) Afrotrioza bersamaAfrotrioza bersamaAfrotriozabersama6766177 Metabasitarsus without apical spurs; antennal flagellum 1-5-2-0 times longer than head width,1st flagellomere bearing several rhinaria and often thickened (Figs 19-21); aedeagus3-segmented (Triozamia spp.) 7 7 First flagellomere not at all thickened and bearing only 4-8 rhinaria basally; $ proctiger relatively short, 0-97-1-01 times as long as head width Triozamia usambarensis sp. n. (p. 24) Triozamia usambarensisTriozamia usambarensisTriozamiausambarensis6766268 First flagellomere thickened and almost completely covered with rhinaria; $ proctiger longer, 1-2-1-54 times longer than head width 8 8 First flagellomere 1-39-1-47 times longer than 2nd flagellomere; apical aedeagal segment 0-52-0-56 times as long as medial aedeagal segment Triozamia vondraceki sp. n. (p. 24) Triozamia vondracekiTriozamia vondracekiTriozamiavondraceki6766269 First flagellomere 0-63-0-76 times as long as 2nd flagellomere; apical aedeagal segment longerthan medial aedeagal segment Triozamia lamborni (Newstead) (p. 23) Triozamia lamborniTriozamia lamborniTriozamialamborni6766266 9 Vertex dish-like, evenly and roundly concave, not at all raised or interrupted along median suture, margin of 'dish' complete, sharp, finely serrate Trioza afrosersalisia sp. n. (p. 54) Trioza afrosersalisiaTrioza afrosersalisiaTriozaafrosersalisia6766217 AFROTROPICAL JUMPING PLANT LICE 19 Vertex convex, flat, or at most weakly concave on either side of median suture which clearlydivides vertex into two halves; if median suture absent then forewing, at most, 2-3 timeslonger than wide 10 10 M branching proximal to Rs-Cu^ line 11 M branching distal to Rs-Cuia line 26 11 Hindwing very reduced and scale-like 12 Hindwing not less than one-third the length of forewing 14 12 Angle at which RI branches from Rs greater than 90° (Fig. 178); genal cones short; terminal setae of apical flagellomere subequal Trioza afrobsoleta sp. n. (p. 52) Trioza afrobsoletaTrioza afrobsoletaTriozaafrobsoleta6766216 Angle at which RI branches from Rs 90° or less; genal cones long; apical flagellomere with onelong and one short terminal seta 13 13 mi cell value 1-72-1-74, cu\ cell value 2-9-3-0; hindwing with broad, almost truncate apex (Fig. 189) Trioza boxi sp. n. (p. 53) Trioza boxiTrioza boxiTriozaboxi6766223 m\ cell value 1-91-2-08, cu\ cell value 1-96-2-63; hindwing with narrow, subacute apex (Fig. 184) Trioza gonjae sp. n. (p. 53) Trioza gonjaeTrioza gonjaeTriozagonjae6766238 14 Cu stem not more than half (0-45) the length of Cwlb 15 Cu stem not less than half (0-6) the length of C«lb 17 15 Densely pubescent species; genal cones long, well developed; forewing rounded apically (Fig. 254) Trioza medleri sp. n. (p. 65) Trioza medleriTrioza medleriTriozamedleri6766249 Weakly pubescent species; genae rounded, cones not developed; forewing subacute apically (Figs 237,265) 16 16 Forewing more than 3 times longer than wide; 1st flagellomere about twice as long as 2nd; RI short, about half as long as R stem; inner apical spurs of both hind tibiae together numbering5 or 6; paramere as in Fig. 266; dorsal valve of ovipositor smooth apically Trioza tennis sp. n. (p. 67) Trioza tennisTrioza tennisTriozatennis Forewing about 2-5 times longer than wide; 1st flagellomere about 3 times as long as 2nd; RIabout as long as R stem; inner apical spurs of both hind tibiae together numbering 4;paramere as in Fig. 239; dorsal valve of ovipositor serrate apically Trioza ghanaensis sp. n. (p. 62) Trioza ghanaensisTrioza ghanaensisTriozaghanaensis6766236 17 Antennal flagellum not less than 1-5 times longer than head width 18 Antennal flagellum not more than 1-3 times longer than head width 19 18 Distal segment of aedeagus with a large basal expansion (Fig. 222); cell r2 of forewing with spinules apically (Fig. 219) Trioza glabea sp. n. (p. 59) Trioza glabeaTrioza glabeaTriozaglabea6766237 Distal segment of aedeagus with a small basal expansion (Fig. 224); cell r2 of forewing devoid ofspinules Trioza usambarica sp. n. (p. 60) Trioza usambaricaTrioza usambaricaTriozausambarica6766264 19 First flagellomere with at least one rhinarium apically and usually two or three Trioza theroni sp. n. (p. 67)First flagellomere without rhinaria 20 20 Larger species, forewing 2-75-6-00 mm long; antennal flagellum more than twice as long as head width 21 Smaller species, forewing less than 2 mm long; antennal flagellum about as long as head width 22 21 Forewing about 6 mm long, less than 2-5 times longer than wide; course of R stem and R] brown-pigmented (Fig. 272) Trioza tundavalae sp. n. (p. 68) Trioza tundavalaeTrioza tundavalaeTriozatundavalae6372853 Forewing about 3 mm long and about 2-8 times longer than wide and unpigmented (Fig. 256) Trioza schroederi sp. n. (p. 65) Trioza schroederiTrioza schroederiTriozaschroederi6766257 22 Pronotum with a median and two lateral raised tubercles (Fig. 203) 23 Pronotum without raised tubercles 24 23 Antennal flagellum 0-7 times as long as head width; mi cell value 1-62, cu\ cell value 2-9; brown-pigmented areas present where veins reach wing margin (Fig. 202) Trioza messaratina sp. n. (p. 57) Trioza messaratinaTrioza messaratinaTriozamessaratina6766250 Antennal flagellum 1-06-1-23 times longer than head width; mi cell value 1-25-1-45, cu\ cellvalue 1 -07-1-38; forewing hyaline (Fig. 198) Trioza etiennei sp. n. (p. 56) Trioza etienneiTrioza etienneiTriozaetiennei6766234 24 Wing veins with short setae, m{ cell without spinules; antennal flagellum 1 • 11-1 -23 times longer than head width; cf paramere long and slender, with a pair of teeth apically (Fig. 215) Trioza camerounensis sp. n. (p. 58) Trioza camerounensisTrioza camerounensisTriozacamerounensis6766226 Wing veins with long setae; mi cell with spinules apically; antennal flagellum not more than0-91 times as long as head width; cf paramere 'thumb-shaped' with a transverse ridge inapical third (Figs 210,213) 25 25 Rhinaria on flagellomeres 2, 4, 6 and 7 each with a short bifid sensillum; cf paramere with a 20 DAVID HOLLIS transverse ridge one-third below apex (Fig. 210) Trioza seranistama sp. n. (p. 58) Trioza seranistamaTrioza seranistamaTriozaseranistama6766258 Rhinarium of flagellomere 2 with a long bifid sensillum; inner transverse ridge of cf paramereapical (Fig. 213) Trioza nestasimara sp. n. (p. 58) Trioza nestasimaraTrioza nestasimaraTriozanestasimara6766255 26 Forewing with course of R stem and R\ marked with brown pigment (Figs 169,194,233) 27 Course of R stem and RI unpigmented 29 27 mi cell value more than 1-8; forewing about twice as long as hindwing; abdomen with setae on tergites 6-8 Trioza mimusops sp. n. (p. 54) Trioza mimusopsTrioza mimusopsTriozamimusops6766251 mi cell value less than 1-3; forewing at most 1-8 times longer than hindwing; abdomen withsetae on first two visible tergites at most 28 28 Antennal flagellum about twice as long as head width; ultimate rostral segment shorter than apical flagellomere Trioza fuscivena sp. n. (p. 61) Trioza fuscivenaTrioza fuscivenaTriozafuscivena6766235 Antennal flagellum about as long as head width; ultimate rostral segment about twice as long asapical flagellomere Trioza nachingweae sp. n. (p. 49) Trioza nachingweaeTrioza nachingweaeTriozanachingweae6766253 29 Angle of R\ and Rs branch obtuse (Fig. 178) Trioza afrobsoleta sp. n. (p. 52) Trioza afrobsoletaTrioza afrobsoletaTriozaafrobsoleta6766216 Angle of RI and Rs branch 90° or less 30 30 First flagellomere thickened and bearing about 40 rhinaria 31 First flagellomere not or hardly thickened, devoid of rhinaria 32 31 Larger species, forewing length of cf 4-4-5-0, of 9 5-0-5-4; m\ cell value 1-32-1-6; 3rd flagellomere without rhinaria; lower valves of ovipositor saw-like apically Trioza hargreavesi sp. n. (p. 50)Smaller species, forewing length 3-2-3-9 in cf and 4-1-4-6 in $; m\ cell value 1-13-1-29; 3rd Trioza hargreavesiTrioza hargreavesiTriozahargreavesi6766241 flagellomere bearing several rhinaria; lower valves of ovipositor smooth Trioza mirificornis sp. n. (p. 51) Trioza mirificornisTrioza mirificornisTriozamirificornis6766252 32 Forewing membrane with spinules in addition to radular areas 33 Forewing membrane devoid of spinules apart from radular areas 35 33 Forewing short and broad, 2-25-2-57 times longer than wide, with rounded apex (Fig. 241); antennal flagellum about as long as head width; apex of hind tibia without spurs Trioza guiera sp. n. (p. 62) Trioza guieraTrioza guieraTriozaguiera6766240 Forewing more than 2-5 times longer than wide, with subacute apex; antennal flagellum morethan 1-5 times longer than head width; apex of hind tibia with well-developed spurs 34 34 Apex of hind tibia with two inner apical spurs; forewing 2-71-3-43 times longer than wide; antennal flagellum 1-94-2-53 times longer than head width; ultimate rostral segment 1-0-1-4times longer than apical flagellomere Trioza litseae Bordage (p. 43) and T. xylopia sp. n. (p. 43) Trioza litseaeTrioza litseaeTriozalitseae6766246 T. xylopiaTanzania xylopiaT[anzania]xylopia Apex of hind tibia with three inner apical spurs; forewing 2-60-2-89 times longer than wide;antennal flagellum 1-62-1-97 times longer than head width; ultimate rostral segment 1-3-2-0times longer than apical flagellomere Trioza eafra sp. n. (p. 42) Trioza eafraTrioza eafraTriozaeafra6766231 35 Hind tibia shorter than width of head, apex expanded, basal spine well developed, outer apical spur enlarged and displaced to a subapical position (Fig. 53); male genitalia as in Figs226-228 Trioza capensis sp. n. (p. 55) Trioza capensisTrioza capensisTriozacapensis6170642 Hind tibia longer than width of head, apex not expanded, basal tubercles small and poorlydeveloped, outer apical spur not enlarged or displaced; male genitalia another shape 36 36 Forewing narrow, not less than 2-5 times longer than wide, with angular or subangular apex, m\ cell value greater than 1-1 37 Forewing broadly rounded apically (Figs 75, 80, 83, 84, 86), not more than 2-3 times longer than wide, m\ cell value not more than 1 -05 (Pauropsylla species) 39 37 Second flagellomere with a double rhinarium (Fig. 25) 38 Second flagellomere with a single rhinarium 51 38 Cu stem long, more than 2-8 times longer than C«lh, branching from R+M+Cu proximally to R branch (Fig. 165); cf paramere and aedeagus as in Figs 166-168 Trioza dinaba sp. n. (p. 49) Trioza dinabaTrioza dinabaTriozadinaba6766230 Cu stem not more than 2-6 times longer than Cu\b, branching from R+M+Cu at or slightlydistal to R branch; cf paramere and aedeagus as in Figs 162-164 .... Trioza bamendae sp. n. (p. 48) Trioza bamendaeTrioza bamendaeTriozabamendae6766220 39 Fore trochanter with a well-developed ventroapical spur (Fig. 45) 40 Fore trochanter without a ventroapical spur 42 40 Clypeus with a pair of setae; ultimate rostral segment with a pair of short setae; 9 genital segment rounded triangular in profile, subgenital plate without a ventral transverse groove Pauropsylla tatrichea sp. n. (p. 30)Clypeus with several short setae, ultimate rostral segment with a pair of long setae and a pair of Pauropsylla tatricheaPauropsylla tatricheaPauropsyllatatrichea6766211 AFROTROPICAL JUMPING PLANT LICE 21 short setae; $ genital segment angular in profile, subgenital plate with a ventral transversegroove 41 41 In final instar larva sectasetae present on dorsum, marginal sectasetae widely spaced and of uneven length (Fig. 280) Pauropsylla willcocksi Dcbski (p. 29) Pauropsylla willcocksiPauropsylla willcocksiPauropsyllawillcocksi5643055 Final instar larva without sectasetae on dorsum, marginal sectasetae closely spaced and of evenlength (Fig. 282) Pauropsylla trichaeta Pettey (p. 30) Pauropsylla trichaetaPauropsylla trichaetaPauropsyllatrichaeta6766212 42 Antenna with 6 flagellomeres (Fig. 12) Pauropsylla breviantennata sp. n. (p. 31) Pauropsylla breviantennataPauropsylla breviantennataPauropsyllabreviantennata6766201 Antenna with 8 flagellomeres 43 43 Basitarsus of each leg 1-5-2-0 times longer than corresponding apical tarsal segment; median suture of vertex absent Pauropsylla longipes sp. n. (p. 33) Pauropsylla longipesPauropsylla longipesPauropsyllalongipes6766203 Basitarsus of each leg short, hardly longer than corresponding apical segment; median sutureof vertex present although sometimes incomplete posteriorly 44 44 cf proctiger with greatly expanded lateral lobes (Fig. 97); $ abdomen with sternite 6 much less sclerotised than other segments and membranous ventrally Pauropsylla eastopi sp. n. (p. 33) Pauropsylla eastopiPauropsylla eastopiPauropsyllaeastopi6766202 Cf proctiger flask-shaped, without expanded lateral lobes; $ abdomen with evenly sclerotisedsternites 45 45 Antennal flagellomeres 4 and 6 each bearing two apical rhinaria and each of these with a bifid sensillum (Fig. 11) 46 Antennal flagellomeres 4 and 6 each with a single apical rhinarium which does not bear a bifidsensillum 47 46 Forewing broader, about 1-8 times longer than wide, veins bearing long setae, at least in proximal half of wing (Fig. 83) Pauropsylla ngongae sp. n. (p. 31) Pauropsylla ngongaePauropsylla ngongaePauropsyllangongae6766205 Forewing narrower, about 2-25 times longer than wide, veins bearing short setae (Fig. 80) Pauropsylla trigemma sp. n. (p. 31) Pauropsylla trigemmaPauropsylla trigemmaPauropsyllatrigemma6766214 47 Cf aedeagus with a complex apical segment (Figs 88,91); $ subgenital plate with a ventroapical notch (Figs 89,92) 48 Cf aedeagus with a simple apical segment (Figs 94, 103, 106); 9 subgenital plate with asmoothly rounded or straight posterior margin 49 48 Cf paramere broadening towards apex and with a transverse inner apical ridge (Fig. 87); posterior margin of $ subgenital plate weakly notched and bordered with short setae (Fig. 89) Pauropsylla septima sp. n. (p. 32) Pauropsylla septimaPauropsylla septimaPauropsyllaseptima6766210 Cf paramere narrowing towards apex which is twisted and abcurved (Fig. 90); posterior marginof $ subgenital plate deeply notched and bordered with long setae (Fig. 92) Pauropsylla proxima sp. n. (p. 32) Pauropsylla proximaPauropsylla proximaPauropsyllaproxima6766206 49 Smaller species, forewing less than 1 -9 mm long in cf and 2-1 in $; hind tibia less than 0-57 mm long; median suture of vertex incomplete and evanescing towards occiput; cf paramere as in Fig. 105; $ genital segment subrectangular in profile Pauropsylla senegalensis sp. n. (p. 34) Pauropsylla senegalensisPauropsylla senegalensisPauropsyllasenegalensis6766209 Larger species, forewing more than 2-4 mm long; hind tibia more than 0-58 mm long; mediansuture of vertex complete to occiput; Cf paramere as in Figs 93, 102; $ genital segmentrounded triangular in profile 50 50 Larger species, hind tibia more than 0-75 mm long; cf paramere clavate, with an inner apical transverse ridge (Fig. 93); posterior margin of $ subgenital plate truncate Pauropsylla angolensis sp. n. (p. 33) Pauropsylla angolensisPauropsylla angolensisPauropsyllaangolensis6766200 Smaller species, hind tibia not more than 0-7 mm long; cf paramere conical with an apical pairof spines (Fig. 102); posterior margin of 9 subgenital plate rounded Pauropsylla mistura sp. n. (p. 34) Pauropsylla misturaPauropsylla misturaPauropsyllamistura6766204 51 Cu stem relatively short, not more than 1-5 times longer than Culb 52 Cu stem longer, not less than 1-6 times longer than Cwlb 53 52 Hind tibia with one outer and three inner apical spurs; ultimate rostral segment narrow, almost twice as long as wide; d" paramere with a long abcurved anteroapical process (Fig. 231) Trioza ficicola sp. n. (p. 60) Trioza ficicolaTrioza ficicolaTriozaficicola Hind tibia with one outer and two inner apical spurs; ultimate rostral segment broad, not morethan 1-5 times longer than wide; cf paramere with a simple rounded and notched apex(Fig. 157) Trioza hartenisp. n. (p. 47) 53 Apical flagellomere twice as long as flagellomere 7 Trioza tangae sp. n. (p. 66) Trioza tangaeTrioza tangaeTriozatangae6170694 Apical flagellomere at most slightly longer than flagellomere 7 54 54 Flagellomeres bearing long subapical setae, apical flagellomere with one apical seta and a flat discoid sense organ (Fig. 17) Trioza anomalicornis sp. n. (p. 44) Trioza anomalicornisTrioza anomalicornisTriozaanomalicornis6766218 22 DAVID HOLLIS Flagellomeres with short subapical setae, apical flagellomere with one long and one shortterminal seta 55 55 Second flagellomere 1-76-2-35 times longer than 3rd; inner apical spurs of both hind tibiae together numbering at most 4 56 Second flagellomere about as long as 3rd; inner apical spurs of both hind tibiae togethernumbering 6 or rarely 5 57 56 mi cell value 1-10-1-23, cu\ cell value 1-6-1-9 Trioza neoboutonia sp. n. (p. 46) Trioza neoboutoniaTrioza neoboutoniaTriozaneoboutonia6766254 mi cell value 1-40-1-65, cwt cell value 2-00-2-82 Trioza chiangaesp. n. (p. 48) Trioza chiangaeTrioza chiangaeTriozachiangae6766229 57 All visible abdominal tergites with a transverse row of setae; setae on wing veins twice as long as width ofveins Trioza tiliacora sp. n. (p. 41) Trioza tiliacoraTrioza tiliacoraTriozatiliacora6766171 Transverse row of setae present only on first two visible abdominal tergites; setae on wing veinsshorter than width of veins 58 58 Ratio of head width to length of ultimate rostral segment 4-6:1 or more 59 Ratio of head width to length of ultimate rostral segment 4-5:1 or less 60 59 Smaller species, forewing length less than 2-6 in cf and 2-9 in $; cf paramere broadening towards apex which is truncate (Fig. 118) Trioza kilimanjarica sp. n. (p. 40) Trioza kilimanjaricaTrioza kilimanjaricaTriozakilimanjarica6766244 Larger species, forewing length more than 3-0 in cf and 3-3 in $; paramere broad medially butnarrowing to subacute apex Trioza ata sp. n. (p. 40) Trioza ataTrioza ataTriozaata6766219 60 Ventral valves of ovipositor with strong transverse ridges, giving the valves a saw-like appearance (Fig. 138); paramere as in Figs 141,144,147,150 61 Ventral valves of ovipositor smooth or with a few weak serrations apically; paramere as in Figs 110,112,114,123 62 61 Paramere as in Fig. 141 Trioza kakamegae sp. n. (p. 45) Trioza kakamegaeTrioza kakamegaeTriozakakamegae6766243 Paramere as in Fig. 144 Trioza thibae sp. n. (p. 45) Trioza thibaeTrioza thibaeTriozathibae6766263 Paramere as in Fig. 147 Trioza tavandula sp. n. (p. 46) Paramere as in Fig. 150 Triozaluvandata sp. n. (p. 46) 62 cui cell value not more than 2-4 in cf and 2-45 in 9; forewing, at most, 1-58 times longer than hindwing 63 cu\ cell value not less than 2-55; forewing, at least 1-59 times longer than hindwing 64 63 cf paramere conical, in profile narrowing towards apex which is abcurved (Fig. 123); cf proctiger broader than long due to strong lateral expansions (Fig. 122) Trioza carvalhoi sp. n. (p. 41) Trioza carvalhoiTrioza carvalhoiTriozacarvalhoi6766227 Cf paramere ovoid, in profile broadening medially then narrowing towards apex (as inFig. 110); Cf proctiger narrower with less well-developed lateral lobes (as in Fig. 109) Trioza capeneri sp. n. (p. 42) Trioza capeneriTrioza capeneriTriozacapeneri6766172 64 cf paramere and aedeagus as in Figs 114,115 Trioza gregoryi sp. n. (p. 40) Trioza gregoryiTrioza gregoryiTriozagregoryi6766239 Cf paramere and aedeagus as in Figs 110-113 65 65 Ratio of head width to length of 1st flagellomere not more than 1-25:1... Trioza catling! sp. n. (p. 39)Ratio of head width to length of 1st flagellomere not less than 1-26:1 Trioza erytreae (Del Guercio) (p. 36) and T. menispermicola sp. n. (p. 40) Trioza erytreaeTrioza erytreaeTriozaerytreae5455476 T. menispermicolaTrioza menispermicolaT[rioza]menispermicola TRIOZAMIA Vondracek Triozamia Vondracek, 1963: 266. Type-species: Rhinopsylla lamborni Newstead, by original designationand monotypy. Rhinopsylla lamborniRhinopsylla lamborniRhinopsyllalamborni DESCRIPTION . Head, from above, slightly narrower than mesoscutum, in profile at 90° to longitudinal axis ofbody; occipital margin angular, occiput concave; vertex with a median suture, without frontal lobes;median ocellus not visible from above, frons just visible in anterior view; genae slightly swollen ventrally;1st flagellomere bearing several rhinaria, flagellomeres 4, 6 and 7 bearing a single subapical rhinarium;clypeus prominent, densely setose. Thorax, in profile, weakly arched; pronotum clearly visible from aboveand strongly rounded down anteriorly behind occiput; propleural suture diagonal but both pleurites incontact with lateral margin of pronotum; forewing elongate oval with a subangular apex, C+Sc stronglythickened, M branching proximally to Rs-Cu^ line, claval suture reaching hind margin of wing at samepoint as apex of C«lb, radular spines present in cells r2 (sometimes weak or absent), m\, m2 and cu\;hindwing well developed, costal margin densely setose both proximally and immediately distal to the costalbreak. Hind coxa with a weakly developed meracanthus and without anterior lobe; hind femur notthickened medially, ventral sense organs basally positioned with the most distal organ slightly separatedfrom the proximal pair; hind tibia with well-developed basal spine, and an inner apical group of AFROTROPICAL JUMPING PLANT LICE 23 well-developed spurs. Abdomen with setae on all tergites; cf proctiger bipartite; aedeagus 3-segmented;anal pore of $ proctiger with a double, convoluted ring of wax-producing cells. COMMENTS. When Vondracek described this genus he placed it in the Bactericerinae of theCiriacreminidae (sensu Heslop-Harrison, 1958; nee Hollis, 1976). Klimaszewski (1964) rightlyremoved the Bactericerinae to the Triozidae, recognising the true relationships of the group,and Bekker-Migdisova (1973) separated Triozamia from the other Bactericerinae on a suite ofboth derived (bipartite cf proctiger, 3-segmented aedeagus) and primitive (proximity of apex ofclaval suture to apex of Cwlb, radulae area in r^ characters. The genus has retained manyprimitive features in addition to those mentioned by Bekker-Migdisova, notably the flattenedthorax and unmodified prosternum, the basal position of the ventral sense organs on the hindfemur and the presence of setae on all abdominal tergites. Her statement of a 'distinctsclerotisation of the pterostigma' is probably a misinterpretation of the thickening of C+Sc, atrue pterostigma being absent. Other derived features of the genus include the large number ofrhinaria on the first flagellomere and the usual absence of a rhinarium on flagellomere 2, butthese offer no indication of the relationships of the genus to the rest of the Triozidae.Three included species are treated below. Triozamia lamborni (Newstead)(Figs 5, 6,19, 48, 63, 64, 275, 276) Triozamia lamborniTriozamia lamborniTriozamialamborni6766266 Rhlnopsylla lamborni Newstead, 1914: 520; Eastop, 1961: 168. Holotype cf, NIGERIA: 'Lagos, 70m. E. nr Oni clearing' [not traced]. Triozamia lamborni (Newstead); Vondracek, 1963: 266, partim; Akanbi, 1981: 113.Triozamia lambourni [sic] (Newstead); Roberts, 1969: 78. Triozamia lamborniTriozamia lamborniTriozamialamborni6766266 DESCRIPTION. Adult. Having generic characters stated above. Integument of thoracic dorsum sparselyshort-haired but mesoscutellum and metascutum more densely haired. Vertex pentagonal, steeply slopingdownwards, slightly concave; ultimate rostral segment 4-5 times longer than apical flagellomere, denselyhaired; antennal flagellum 1-71-2-04 times longer than head width, 1st flagellomere 0-63-0-76 times as longas 2nd flagellomere, thickened and with a large number of rhinaria, 2nd flagellomere without a rhinarium,flagellomeres 4, 6 and 7 each with a single subapical rhinarium, apical flagellomere with one moderatelylong and pointed seta and one shorter and truncate seta terminally. Mesopraescutum, from above,rounded rhomboidal, wider than long and with a broadly arcuate anterior margin; forewing 2-66-2-81times longer than wide, apart from radular areas there is a patch of spinules in c+sc, veins moderatelydensely setose, Rs long, M branching proximal to /?s—Cula line, m\ cell value 4-9-6-0, cu\ cell ratio 0-4-0-5;costal setae of hindwing, distal to costal break, divided into two groups; hind tibia with an inner apicalgroup of 5-6 strongly developed spurs and an outer apical group of about 10 thickened setae; hindbasitarsus elongate. Abdomen with a pair of lateral eversible sacs on segment 4; cf proctiger and genitaliaas in Figs 59, 63, 64, apical segment of aedeagus 1-12-1-23 times longer than medial segment; $ genitalsegment with proctiger 1-20-1-27 times longer than head width, ovipositor valves smooth. Measurements (7 cf, 5 <j>). Maximum width of head, cf 1-23-1.30, <j> 1-30-1-35; length of antennalflagellum, cf 2-22-2-51, $ 2-31-2-51; length of ultimate rostral segment, cf 0-41-0-46, $ 0-45-0-50; lengthof forewing, cf 4-05-4-33, $ 4-21-4-58; length of hind tibia, cf 0-90-1-00, $ 0-95-1-05. Fifth instar larva (Figs 275-277). Body clearly divided into head, thorax and abdomen, about 1-1 timeslonger than wide. Antenna with 8 flagellomeres. Small prothoracic sclerites present behind cephalo-prothorax, meso- and metathoracic sclerites separated. Forewing bud about 0-92 mm long, humeral lobesnot at all developed. Caudal plate about half as long as wide and does not include first 4 abdominalsegments; anus terminal or terminodorsal, anus and pore ring as in Fig. 277, caudal plate with acomplicated arrangement of wax pores on dorsal and ventral surfaces (Fig. 276). No sectasetae present butcaudal plate bears 8 small dorsomarginal lanceolate setae positioned as in Fig. 276. HOST PLANT. Larvae and adults collected from Antiaris toxicaria africana var. africana(Moraceae). The larvae are free-living and produce copious wax strands. Antiaris toxicariaAntiaris toxicariaAntiaristoxicaria1671736 Antiaris toxicaria africanaAntiaris toxicaria africanaAntiaristoxicaria9012466 DISTRIBUTION. Senegal, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, Zaire and Tanzania. COMMENTS. T. lamborni may be distinguished from the other two known species in the genus bythe characters given in Table 2. T. lamborniTriozamia lamborniT[riozamia]lamborni 24 DAVID HOLLIS Table 2 Characters for the separation of the three African species of Triozamia. length of flagellomere 1 length of apical aedeagal segment length of $proctieer naramprp length of flagellomere 2 length of medial aedeagal segment head width lamborniusambarensisvondraceki 0-63-0-761-1-1-261-39-1-47 1-12-1-230-96-0-970-52-0-56 Fig. 63 1-20-1-27Fig. 57 0-97-1-01Fig. 60 1-52-1-54 The material upon which Vondracek based his redescription of this species was a mixed series,the Ugandan specimens and his figs 18 and 26 being vondraceki. The presence of three clearly recognisable species of Triozamia in Africa raises someinteresting questions on the taxonomy of the host plant genus Antiaris. In a recent review ofAfrican Moraceae Berg (1977) recognises one African species, Antiaris toxicaria, which alsooccurs in Asia and Australia. Berg refers the African populations to the subspecies africana andfurther recognises three varieties, africana, welwitschii and usambarensis, all with partiallyoverlapping distributions (Berg, 1977: fig. 8). Antiaris toxicariaAntiaris toxicariaAntiaristoxicaria1671736 Of the three Triozamia species on Antiaris, lamborni is known from Senegal, Ivory Coast,Ghana, Nigeria, northern Zaire and Tanzania (Pare Mountains and Uluguru Mountains);vondraceki is described from Uganda and the Central African Republic; and usambarensis isdescribed from Tanzania (Usambara Mountains). It seems likely that the three psyllid speciesmaintain their genetic independence each on one of three 'varieties' of Antiaris toxicariaafricana. Antiaris toxicariaAntiaris toxicariaAntiaristoxicaria1671736 Triozamia usambarensis sp. n. Triozamia usambarensisTriozamia usambarensisTriozamiausambarensis6766268 (Figs 21, 56-58) DESCRIPTION. Adult. Very similar to T. lamborni but slightly larger. First flagellomere 1-10-1-26 timeslonger than 2nd flagellomere, not thickened and bearing only 4-12 rhinaria on basal half, a subapicalrhinarium rarely present on 2nd flagellomere. Apical segment of aedeagus 0-96-0-97 times as long asmedial aedeagal segment, paramere as in Fig. 57; $ proctiger short, 0-97-1-01 times as long as head width. T. lamborniTriozamia lamborniT[riozamia]lamborni Measurements (2 cf, 2 $). Maximum width of head, cf 1-41-1-43, $ 1-48-1-51; length of antennalflagellum, cf 2-4, $ antennae incomplete; length of ultimate rostral segment, cf 0-37-0-39, 9 0-40; lengthof forewing, Cf 5-51-5-57, $ 6-10-6-12; length of hind tibia, cf 1-11 $ 1-17-1-20. Larva. Unknown. HOST PLANT. Adults collected from Antiaris toxicaria africana var. usambarensis (Moraceae). Antiaris toxicariaAntiaris toxicariaAntiaristoxicaria1671736 Antiaris toxicaria africanaAntiaris toxicaria africanaAntiaristoxicaria9012466 Holotype cf, Tanzania: Lushoto, 23.vi.1977, Antiaris usambarensis (Wadudu Msituni) (BMNH; slidemounted). Antiaris usambarensisAntiaris usambarensisAntiarisusambarensis9028709 Paratypes. Tanzania: 1 cf, 1 $, same data as holotype; 1 cf, 1 ?, Lushoto, 22.ix.1977, 'ex scales onHirus' [probably an error of transliteration from a handwritten label]; 1 cf, 1 $, Lushoto Silv. Arb.22.ix. 1980, Antiaris usambarensis (Wadudu Msituni) (BMNH; slide and dry mounted). Antiaris usambarensisAntiaris usambarensisAntiarisusambarensis9028709 COMMENTS (see also under T. lamborni). This species is described from seven rather poorlypreserved specimens, all from approximately the same locality. However, they were collectedon three separate occasions over a period of three years and the population is clearly maintainingits morphological identity from the other two species of the genus. The type-locality is close tothat of Antiaris usambarensis (see Berg, 1977: 318). T. lamborniTriozamia lamborniT[riozamia]lamborni Antiaris usambarensisAntiaris usambarensisAntiarisusambarensis9028709 Triozamia vondraceki sp. n. Triozamia vondracekiTriozamia vondracekiTriozamiavondraceki6766269 (Figs 20, 30, 31, 59-62) [Triozamia lamborni Newstead; Vondracek, 1963: 268, partim (figs 18,26). Misidentification.]DESCRIPTION. Adult. Very similar to T. lamborni and T. usambarensis but larger. First flagellomere Triozamia lamborniTriozamia lamborniTriozamialamborni6766266 T. usambarensisTriozamia usambarensisT[riozamia]usambarensis T. lamborniTriozamia lamborniT[riozamia]lamborni AFROTROPICAL JUMPING PLANT LICE 25 1-39-1-47 times longer than 2nd flagellomere, swollen and almost completely covered with rhinaria, 2ndflagellomere without a subapical rhinarium. Apical aedeagal segment short, 0-52-0-56 times as long asmedial aedeagal segment; paramere as in Fig. 60; 9 proctiger long, 1-52-1-54 times longer than headwidth. Measurements (3 cT, 2 $). Maximum width of head, cf 1-53-1-63, 9 1-81-1-83; length of antennalflagellum, cf 2-64-2-77, $ 2-87-2-96; length of ultimate rostral segment, cf 0-47-0-50, $ 0-52; length offorewing, Cf 5-69-6-16, $ 6-96-7-26; length of hind tibia, cf 1-26-1-38, $ 1-45-1-57. Larva. Unknown. HOST PLANT. Adults collected from Antiaris toxicaria africana var. ?. Antiaris toxicariaAntiaris toxicariaAntiaristoxicaria1671736 Antiaris toxicaria africanaAntiaris toxicaria africanaAntiaristoxicaria9012466 Holotype cf, Uganda: Kampala, 8.x. 1915 (C. C. Gowdey) (BMNH; dry mounted). Paratypes. Uganda: 1 Cf, 1 9, same data as holotype; 5 cf, 6 9, 17.xi. 1915 (C. C. Gowdey); 2 cf,20.ii.1923 (H. Hargreaves); 2 cf, 27.ii.1925, 'Kirundo' (Antiaris africana) (J. L. R. Hanwer). CentralAfrican Republic: 1 cf, Route Mbale, P.L., 12.ii.1969 (M. Boulard) (BMNH; slide and dry mounted). Antiaris africanaAntiaris africanaAntiarisafricana9028661 COMMENT. See under T. lamborni. T. lamborniTriozamia lamborniT[riozamia]lamborni AFROTRIOZA gen. n. Type-species: Afrotrioza bersama sp. n. Afrotrioza bersamaAfrotrioza bersamaAfrotriozabersama6766177 DESCRIPTION. Head, from above, narrower than mesoscutum, in profile continuing axis of anterior part ofthorax; occipital margin sharp; median suture of vertex moderately developed, frontal lobes welldeveloped; median ocellus visible from above, frons completely covered by genal cones; latter large andwell developed, constricted basally and in parallel plane to vertex; antenna with a single subapicalrhinarium on each of flagellomeres 2,4,6 and 7; clypeus not prominent, with several short setae. Thorax, inprofile, strongly arched; pronotum clearly visible from above and scarcely rounded down behind occiput,prothoracic suture diagonal with both pleurites in contact with lateral margin of pronotum; forewingelongate oval, narrowing to subangular apex, radular areas present in cells r2, m\, m2 and cu{, C+Scstrongly thickened, M branching proximal to Rs—C«ia line, claval suture reaching hind margin a shortdistance proximal to apex of Cwlb; hindwing well developed, costal margin densely setose proximal tocostal break, costal setae distal to costal break not clearly grouped; hind coxa with a well-developedmeracanthus, anterior lobe absent; ventral sense organs of hind femur medially placed; hind tibia with asmall basal spine, with one outer and four inner apical spurs; hind basitarsus with an outer apical spur.Abdomen with setae on all tergites; cf proctiger unipartite, aedeagus 2-segmented. COMMENTS. This monotypic genus shows a mixture of both primitive and derived character statesand is clearly defined from all other described triozids by the presence of an apical spur on thehind basitarsus. The shape of the genal cones is similar to that of Trichochermes but the thorax isstrongly arched. It shares such primitive character states with Trlozamia as the presence of aradular area in r± and an unmodified prothorax. Afrotrioza bersama sp. n. Afrotrioza bersamaAfrotrioza bersamaAfrotriozabersama6766177 (Figs 1, 32, 33, 44, 65-68, 278, 279) DESCRIPTION. Adult. Having generic characters stated above. Large species, head width 0-91-0-97 mm.Integument of thoracic dorsum almost devoid of setae but genal cones, legs and abdomen densely setose.Vertex pentagonal, with a deep concavity on either side of median suture; antennal flagellum short,0-91-0-98 times as long as head width, apical flagellomere with one moderately long pointed seta and onevery short truncate seta terminally; ultimate rostral segment about twice as long as apical flagellomere,sparsely haired. Mesopraescutum, from above, rounded rhomboidal and almost as long as wide, with anarcuate anterior margin; forewing 2-27-2-40 times longer than wide, membrane moderately denselycovered with spinules, veins densely short haired, Rs long, m\ cell value 2-73-3-07, cu\ cell value 0-73-0-83;hind tibia with one outer and four inner apical spurs; hind basitarsus short, cf genitalia and proctiger as inFigs 66-68; 9 genital segment conical, proctiger slightly attenuate apically, anal pore with a double ring ofwax-producing cells, ovipositor valves smooth. Measurements (6 cf, 3 9). Maximum width of head, cf 0-91-0-95, 9 0-91-0-97; length of antennalflagellum, cf 0-86-0-91, 9 0-87-0-89; length of ultimate rostral segment, cf 0-16-0-17, 9 0-16-0-18; lengthof forewing, cf 4-13-4-37, 9 4-48^-64; length of hind tibia, cf 0-74-0-80, 9 0-76-0-78. 26 DAVID HOLLIS Fifth instar larva (Figs 278, 279). Dorsal surface outline broadly oval, about 1-1 times longer than wide.Antenna with two flagellomeres. Forewing pad 2-2 mm long; narrow prothoracic sclerites present betweencephaloprothorax and mesothorax, meso- and metathoracic sclerites as in Fig. 278; humeral lobe stronglyextended forward and reaching beyond anterior margin of cephaloprothorax. Caudal plate about 0-6 timesas long as wide; anus ventral, a short distance from posterior margin of abdomen, anus and pore ring as inFig. 279. Pointed sectasetae forming a dense fringe along anterior margin of cephaloprothorax and caudalplate, wing buds with a sparse fringe of very short simple setae; sectasetae absent from dorsum. HOST PLANT. Larvae and adults collected from Bersama sp. (Melianthaceae); the larvae causesevere leaf-rolling and distortion. Holotype d", Tanzania: E. Usambara mts, Amani Res. Sta. 19-27.vi.1974, c. 3,000' Bersama sp. (D.Hollis) (BMNH; dry mounted). Paratypes. 56 cf, 33 9> larvae, same data as holotype. (BMNH; slide and dry mounted, and stored in80% ethanol). TRICHOCHERMES Kirkaldy Trichopsylla Thomson, 1877: 823. Type-species: Trioza walked Forster, by monotypy. [Homonym of Trichopsylla Kolenati, 1863.]Trichochermes Kirkaldy, 1904: 280; Kuwayama, 1910: 54; Loginova, 1964: 473. [Replacement name for Trichopsylla Thomson.] DESCRIPTION. Head, from above, narrower than mesoscutum, in profile in same plane as longitudinal axisof thorax; occipital margin sharp, occiput concave; frontal lobes of vertex well developed, median suturewell defined; median ocellus visible from above, frons completely covered by genal cones; latter welldeveloped, in parallel plane to vertex, clavate and constricted basally; antenna with a single subapicalrhinarium on each of flagellomeres 2, 4, 6 and 7. Thorax, in profile, very weakly arched; pronotum clearlyvisible from above and not rounded down behind occiput, prothoracic suture diagonal, episternum greatlyenlarged, epimeron reduced and not in contact with lateral margin of pronotum; forewing narrow elongateoval, with subacute apex, membrane with extensive brown pattern, C+Sc not thickened, Rs sinuous orarched strongly toward M stem, M branching distal to Rs—Cwla line, claval suture reaching hind margin along distance proximal to apex of Cuib; hindwing well developed, costal setae separated into groups distalto costal break; hind femur with ventral sense organs medially placed, hind tibia with apical spurs separatedinto two groups, hind basitarsus without spurs. Abdomen with setae on tergites 2-7 in cf, and 3-7 in $; cfproctiger unipartite, aedeagus 2-segmented; anal pore of $ with a double ring of wax-producing cells. COMMENTS. Trichochermes may be distinguished from other triozids by the shape of the genalcones, the flattened thorax, the patterned forewing and the sinuous or displaced Rs vein. Thegenus is similar in appearance to Leuronota but the latter has simple genal cones and a relativelystraight Rs. Four Palaearctic species, all apparently developing on different species ofRhamnus, and oneAfrotropical species are recognised. It is doubtful if either of the two Japanese species,described by Kuwayama (1910), are true Trichochermes and Crawford (1919: 185) regardedthem both as Trioza species. From Kuwayama's original description it seems that Trichochermesbicolor Kuwayama, 1910: 54 is identical with Petalolyma basalts (Walker, 1858: 275), fromIndia, but formal synonymy cannot be established until Kuwayama's type-material has beenexamined. Trichochermes insleyi Capener(Figs 3, 69-71) Trichochermes insleyi Capener, 1973: 59. Holotype $, SOUTH AFRICA: 'Rustenburg, Tvl, 15 Sept. 1971'(NCI) [not examined]. DESCRIPTION. Adult. Having generic characters given above. Medium size, head width 0-50. Integument ofhead, body and legs sparsely covered with long setae. Vertex pentagonal with a well-developed concavityon either side of median suture; genal cones well developed; antennal flagellum 1-22 times longer thanhead width; clypeus not prominent, bearing two setae. Anterior margin of pronotum angular medially;mesopraescutum about as long as wide, with arcuate anterior margin. Forewing (Fig. 69) 3-72 times longer AFROTROPICAL JUMPING PLANT LICE 27 than wide, with mottled brown pigmentation over whole membrane, veins densely long-haired, Rs archedstrongly toward M, mi cell value 1-31, cu\ cell value 0-45; hindwing with five setae on C+Sc proximal tocostal break, setae distal to costal break divided into two groups; hind coxa with a well-developedmeracanthus and incipient anterior lobe; hind tibia with a well-developed basal spine, with one outer andtwo inner apical spurs, cf proctiger narrow, lateral margins not expanded, genitalia as in Figs 70, 71; 9genital segment short, conical, ventral valves of ovipositor serrate at extreme apices. Measurements (19). Maximum width of head, 0-5; length of antennal flagellum, 0-61; length of ultimaterostral segment, 0-11; length of forewing, 2-97; length of hind tibia, 0-56. Fifth instar larva. See Capener, 1973: 60, figs 122,123. HOST PLANT. Larvae and adults collected from Ziziphus mucronata (Rhamnaceae). Ziziphus mucronataZiziphus mucronataZiziphusmucronata3462053 DISTRIBUTION AND MATERIAL EXAMINED. Known only from the type-series of which 1 cf and 2 9 paratypes(BMNH) have been examined. PAUROPSYLLA Riibsaamen Pauropsylla Riibsaamen, 1899: 262; Kieffer, 1905:167; Crawford, 1915:258, partim; Crawford, 1919:142,partim; Enderlein, 1921: 115, partim; Loginova, 1972a: 839; Mathur, 1975: 72 partim. Type-species:Pauropsylla udei Riibsaamen, by monotypy. Pauropsylla udeiPauropsylla udeiPauropsyllaudei Sympauropsylla Enderlein, 1921: 116. Type-species: Pauropsylla triozoptera Crawford, by originaldesignation. Syn. n. Pauropsylla triozopteraPauropsylla triozopteraPauropsyllatriozoptera DESCRIPTION. Head, from above, as wide as mesoscutum, in profile inclined almost at 90° to longitudinalaxis of body; vertex pentagonal, with sharp occipital margin medially, rounded down anteriorly to genae,median suture weak or absent, dorsal depressions well developed, lateral ocelli placed on outer surfaces ofraised tubercles, median ocellus visible from above; frons visible from anterior view; genae rounded,sometimes weakly expanded laterally below eyes; latter prominent, rounded; antenna short, with 8 or,more rarely, 6 flagellomeres. Thorax strongly arched dorsally; pronotum just visible from above, stronglyrounded down below anterior margin of mesopraescutum and behind occiput, propleural suture diagonalwith epimeron reduced and not in contact with lateral margin of pronotum; mesopraescutum, from above,with broadly arcuate anterior margin, in profile anterior margin sharply rounded down to pronotum;forewing obovate with narrow proximal part, not more than 2-3 times longer than wide, a very short M+Custem often present, M branches distally to Rs-Cuia line, wt cell value less than 1, Cu stem always morethan twice as long as C«lb, wing membrane devoid of spinules except for radular areas; hindwing at leasttwo-thirds as long as forewing; legs slightly elongate, meracanthus present on hind coxa, hind femurnarrow with ventral sense organs medial, hind tibia elongate with a group of small weak spines basally andone outer and two inner spurs apically (2 + 2 in P. udei), hind basitarsus without apical spurs. Abdomenwith setae on tergites 2 and 3 in cf, and 3 and 4 in 9; cf proctiger unipartite, mostly simple, flask-shaped,basal part rarely expanded; anal pore of 9 normally with a double ring of wax-producing cells. P. udeiPauropsylla udeiP[auropsylla]udei COMMENTS. Pauropsylla may be distinguished from other triozid genera by the shape andvenation of the forewing (Figs 75, 80, 83, 84, 86). The most recent and comprehensive review of psyllid systematics (Bekker-Migdisova, 1973)places Pauropsylla in the tribe Pauropsyllini, together with the Microceropsyllini, in thesubfamily Pauropsyllinae and in the family Carsidaridae. This largely follows Klimaszewski(1964) rather than Heslop-Harrison (1958) who placed the genus within his diffuse group theCiriacreminae (see Hollis, 1976). In a recent revision of the Pauropsyllini, Loginova (19720) concludes that the group is closelyrelated to the Phacopteronini and contains the genera Pauropsylla, Sympauropsylla, Leptynop-tera, Microceropsylla, Pelmatobrachia and Paurocephala. Including Paurocephala in this groupis consistent with Crawford's (1915; 1919) interpretation, but other workers (Vondracek, 1957;Heslop-Harrison, 1958; Klimaszewski, 1964) disagreed with this and placed Paurocephala in theAphalaridae. After examining several species of Paurocephala, including the type-species, P.psylloptera Crawford, the structure of the adult head, thorax and wing venation, and the 5thinstar larva (Table 3) suggest this genus should be placed in the Aphalaridae close to the generaHaplaphalara and Moraniella. Of the five remaining genera in Loginova's (1972a) Pauropsyllini,Microceropsylla and Pelmatobrachia (Bekker-Migdisova's 1973 Microceropsyllini) are transfer-red to the Calophyinae; Sympauropsylla is synonymised with Pauropsylla which, together with 28 DAVID HOLLIS Leptynoptera, is transferred to the Triozidae. Following Klimaszewski (1964) the Phacoptero-nini is placed in the Aphalaridae. Mathur (1975), in his account of Indian psyllids, reviews the Pauropsyllinae (auctt.) andincludes four genera, Apsylla, Paurocephala, Pauropsylla and Phacopteron. Apsylla was placedin the Anomalopsyllini by Vondracek (1963) and into the Aphalaridae by Klimaszewski (1964).Of the species Mathur included in Paurocephala only minuta Crawford, psylloptera Crawford,phalaki Mathur and russellae Mathur should remain in that genus. P. menoni Mathur andtrimaculata Mathur are here transferred to Haplaphalara as H. menoni (Mathur, 1975) comb, n.,and H. trimaculata (Mathur, 1975) comb. n. Of the 14 species Mathur placed in Pauropsylla,depressa Crawford,/zc/co/fl Kieffer, globuli Kieffer, purpurescens Mathur and reticulata Mathurshould remain. P. brevicornis (Crawford) and nigra (Crawford) were placed in Microceropsyllaby Boselli (1930a); longispiculata Mathur, maculata Mathur and verrucosa Mathur are heretransferred to Microceropsylla as M. longispiculata (Mathur, 1975) comb. n. M. maculata(Mathur, 1975) comb. n. and M. verrucosa (Mathur, 1975) comb. n. P. spondiasae (Crawford)was placed in Pelmatobrachia by Enderlein (1921), and tuberculata (Crawford) was placed inPseudophacopteron, also by Enderlein (1921). P. beesoni Laing is here transferred to Trioza asT. beesoni (Laing, 1930) comb. n. P. stevensi Laing is here transferred to the genus Diceraeopsyl-la as D. stevensi (Laing, 1930) comb, n., and the genus is referred to the Aphalaridae. P. menoniPaurocephala menoniP[aurocephala]menoni H. menoniHaplaphalara menoniH[aplaphalara]menoni H. trimaculataHaplaphalara trimaculataH[aplaphalara]trimaculata P. brevicornisPauropsylla brevicornisP[auropsylla]brevicornis M. longispiculataMicroceropsylla longispiculataM[icroceropsylla]longispiculata M. maculataMicroceropsylla maculataM[icroceropsylla]maculata M. verrucosaMicroceropsylla verrucosaM[icroceropsylla]verrucosa P. beesoniPseudophacopteron beesoniP[seudophacopteron]beesoni T. beesoniTrioza beesoniT[rioza]beesoni P. stevensiPseudophacopteron stevensiP[seudophacopteron]stevensi D. stevensiDiospyros stevensiD[iospyros]stevensi The description and figures of Pauropsylla shiwapuriensis Miyatake (1981: 53) show that thisspecies is wrongly assigned and, more likely, belongs in the Aphalaridae near the Haplaphalara/Diclidophlebia-group. Pauropsylla shiwapuriensisPauropsylla shiwapuriensisPauropsyllashiwapuriensis5552203 Most Pauropsylla species are recorded from species of Ficus (Moraceae) although udei, thetype-species, was described from a member of the Rubiaceae. Uichanco (1921: 265) regards thishost record as a misidentification but Mathur (1975: 105) has described reticulata fromAnthocephalus indicus (Rubiaceae). I have examined specimens from the same sample as thetype-series of reticulata and suspect that this species is synonymous with udei. Further material,including larvae, from Anthocephalus indicus will be needed before this synonymy and hostplant record can be confirmed. Anthocephalus indicusAnthocephalus indicusAnthocephalusindicus1763705 Eleven described species are regarded here as congeneric in Pauropsylla, mainly from the Table 3 Comparison of morphological features and host plant preferences of Paurocephala species andPauropsylla species. Paurocephala Pauropsylla Adults In profile, head inserted at orbelow anterior margin ofpronotum. Pronotum strongly rounded downbehind occiput so that, in profile,it is below dorsal margin of head. From above, dorsum of thoraxbroad. From above, dorsum of thoraxnarrow. Forewing with costal break,pterostigma clearly defined,long M+Cu stem present, apexof claval suture adjacent toapex of Cwlb. Forewing without costal breakand pterostigma, M+Cu stem veryshort or absent, apex of clavalsuture distant from apex of Cwlb. Larvae Free-living; dorsal sclerites of thorax separate; sectasetaepresent on antenna. Gall-forming; dorsal thoracicsclerites fused to form a singleplate (except in proximo sp.n.)sectasetae absent from antenna. Host Malvales and Urticales (Moraceae, plants Ulmaceae, Tiliaceae, Malvaceae and Sterculiaceae). Ficus spp. (Moraceae), and possiblyRubiaceae. AFROTROPICAL JUMPING PLANT LICE 29 Oriental region, but two species of doubtful validity, nussex Carmin and biki Carmin, occur inthe Palaearctic Region. P. willcocksi and trichaeta occur in Africa and a further elevenAfrotropical species are described below. They may be identified using couplets 39-50 in the key(p. 20). P. willcocksiPauropsylla willcocksiP[auropsylla]willcocksi The willcocksi-group Defined by the presence of a strong ventroapical spur on the fore coxa. Three species with anAfrotropical distribution belong in this group, willcocksi, trichaeta and tatrichea. Two poorlydescribed species from Palestine also belong here (see comment under willcocksi). Pauropsylla willcocksi Dcbski(Figs 72-74, 280, 281) Pauropsylla willcocksiPauropsylla willcocksiPauropsyllawillcocksi5643055 Pauropsylla willcocksi Dcbski, 1918 [71923]: 14; Willcocks, 1922: 275; Samy, 1972:458. Syntypes, cfs, $s, Pauropsylla willcocksiPauropsylla willcocksiPauropsyllawillcocksi5643055 larvae, EGYPT [not traced].[Pauropsylla trichaeta Pettey; Awadallah & Swailem, 1971: 193;? Loginova, 1972o: figs 40, 41. Misiden- Pauropsylla trichaetaPauropsylla trichaetaPauropsyllatrichaeta6766212 tifications.] DESCRIPTION. Adult. Having generic characters given above. Integument shiny, sparsely covered with veryshort setae. Median suture of vertex absent; antenna with eight flagellomeres, flagellum 1-34-1-61 timeslonger than head width, apical flagellomere with one long and one moderately long and truncate terminalseta; clypeus bearing several hairs, ultimate rostral segment bearing a long basal pair and a short subapicalpair of setae. Forewing 1-92-2-06 times longer than wide, veins very sparsely clothed with very short setae,mi cell value 0-79-0-99, cu\ cell value 1-15-1-69; costal margin of hindwing with 1-2 setae proximal tocostal break, setae distal to costal break clearly divided into two groups; forecoxa with a well-developedventroapical spur; tarsal segments subequal. cf proctiger flask-shaped with weak basal expansions, theinner surface of each expansion bearing up to 22 thickened peg-like setae (Fig. 72); paramere and aedeagusas in Figs 73, 77 (trichaeta); $ genital segment short, triangular in profile, subgenital plate with a ventraltransverse groove in apical third. Measurements (10 cf, 10 $). Maximum width of head, cf 0-44-0-51, $ 0-46-0-57; length of antennalflagellum, cf and $, 0-65-0-80; length of ultimate rostral segment, cf 0-07-0-10, $ 0-09-0-11; length offorewing, cf 1-75-2-15, $ 2-07-2-55; length of hind tibia, cf 0-51-0-67, $ 0-56-0-71. Fifth instar larva (Figs 280,281). Dorsal surface outline broadly oval, about 1-3 times longer than wide.Antennal flagellum unsegmented. Cephalothorax entire. Forewing pad about 0-47 mm long, humeral lobeextending forward but not as far as anterior margin of eye. Caudal plate about 0-6 times as long as wide,anus ventral and distant from posterior margin of abdomen, anus and pore ring as in Fig. 281. Marginalfringe consisting of moderately dense truncate sectasetae of varying lengths; postocular truncate sectasetaepresent; dorsum sparsely covered with truncate sectasetae. HOST PLANTS. Adults and larvae collected from Ficus ?gnaphalocarpa and Ficus sp. in Senegal,and Ficus sycomorus in Egypt (Moraceae). The larvae live in pit-galls on the undersides of theleaves. Ficus sycomorusFicus sycomorusFicussycomorus2670513 DISTRIBUTION. Material has been examined from Cape Verde Is., Senegal, Egypt, Sudan andSaudi Arabia. COMMENTS. Pauropsylla willcocksi is very close to P. trichaeta. Adults of the two species appearto be almost indistinguishable, but males of trichaeta tend to have more peg-like setae on theinner surface of the lateral expansions of the proctiger (25-30 on each side as opposed to amaximum of 22 on each side in willcocksi). However, the larvae of the two species appear to bequite distinct (see Figs 280, 282). Pauropsylla willcocksiPauropsylla willcocksiPauropsyllawillcocksi5643055 P. trichaetaPauropsylla trichaetaP[auropsylla]trichaeta Carmin (1951: 1-3) described two species, P. nussex and P. bikii, from Palestine, but thedescriptions are not diagnostic from one another or from willcocksi and the type-material isapparently lost. In the BMNH collection are several adult specimens labelled 'Palestine, Drs. D.Scheinkin and J. Carmin, on Ficus sycamorus\ some bear the number S.108, others S.109. Ifthese specimens are not part of the original syntypic series of nussex and bikii they certainlyrepresent Carmin's two species. This material is indistinguishable from willcocksi. Recently Ficus sycamorusFicus sycamorusFicussycamorus1672356 30 DAVID HOLLIS collected Pauropsylla specimens from Israel (Bet Dagan) on Ficus sycomorus, consisting ofadults and larvae, do not resolve the problem. The adults are not distinguishable from willcocksibut the larvae are distinct from both willcocksi and trichaeta. They have the narrower dorsalsurface outline and uneven marginal fringe of willcocksi, but lack sectasetae on the dorsalsurface, as in trichaeta. Ficus sycomorusFicus sycomorusFicussycomorus2670513 Thus we have a series of populations of Pauropsylla species from South Africa, throughoutAfrica and extending into the Middle East. The adults of these populations are morphologicallyvery similar but three distinct forms of larvae can be identified, and names are available for thesethree larval types. I have therefore decided to name those populations from Africa, south of theSahara, on Ficus sur (= F. capensis) and Ficus spp. as P. trichaeta; those populations fromSenegal, North Africa, Saudi Arabia and Cape Verde Is. on Ficus sycomorus and F. gnaphalo-carpa (H. C. D. de Wit in a personal communication, suggests these two species may besynonymous) as P. willcocksi; and the Palestinian populations on F. sycomorus, as either P.nussex or bikii or both. Ficus sycomorusFicus sycomorusFicussycomorus2670513 P. trichaetaPauropsylla trichaetaP[auropsylla]trichaeta Ficus surFicus surFicussur3461378 F. capensisFicus capensisF[icus]capensis F. sycomorusFicus sycomorusF[icus]sycomorus P. willcocksiPauropsylla willcocksiP[auropsylla]willcocksi Pauropsylla trichaeta Pettey Pauropsylla trichaetaPauropsylla trichaetaPauropsyllatrichaeta6766212 (Figs 4, 45, 75-78, 282) Pauropsylla trichaeta Pettey, 1924: 29; 1925: 137; Capener, 1970: 199. Holotype (? sex), SOUTH AFRICA:Tanzeen, Transvaal, on a native fig tree, associated with galls' (SAM) [not examined]. Pauropsylla trichaetaPauropsylla trichaetaPauropsyllatrichaeta6766212 DESCRIPTION. Adult. Similar in most features to P. willcocksi. Differs in that 25-30 peg-like setae arepresent on inner surface of each lateral expansion of the cf proctiger (Fig. 76). P. willcocksiPauropsylla willcocksiP[auropsylla]willcocksi Measurements (10 d", 10 <j>). Maximum width of head, cf 0-40-0-51, $ 0-44-0-56; length of antennalflagellum, cf 0-67-0-80, $ 0-63-0-80; length of ultimate rostral segment, cf 0-07-0-09, $ 0-08-0-11; lengthof forewing, cf 1-83-2-31, $ 2-12-2-77; length of hind tibia, cf 0-50-0-67, $ 0-53-0-69. Fifth instar larva (Fig. 282). Dorsal surface outline almost circular, about 1-2 times longer than wide.Antennal flagellum unsegmented. Cephalothorax entire. Forewing pad 0-64 mm long, humeral lobeextending forward but not reaching anterior margin of eye. Caudal plate about half as long as wide, anusventral and distant from posterior margin of abdomen, anus and pore ring as in willcocksi (Fig. 281).Truncate tubular sectasetae forming an even dense marginal fringe, postocular tubular sectaseta present,sectasetae absent from dorsum. HOST PLANTS. Adults and larvae collected from Ficus sur (= F. capensis), Ficus spp. (Moraceae).The larvae from pit-galls on the undersides of the leaves. Ficus surFicus surFicussur3461378 F. capensisFicus capensisF[icus]capensis DISTRIBUTION. Material has been examined from South Africa, Mozambique, Zimbabwe,Angola, Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Sudan, Cameroun, Nigeria, Ghana, Ivory Coast, SierraLeone and Senegal. COMMENT. See under P. willcocksi. P. willcocksiPauropsylla willcocksiP[auropsylla]willcocksi Pauropsylla tatrichea sp. n. Pauropsylla tatricheaPauropsylla tatricheaPauropsyllatatrichea6766211 (Fig. 79) DESCRIPTION. Adult. Very similar to P. willcocksi but larger. Glypeus with a pair of setae, ultimate rostralsegment with a pair of small setae subapically. Costal margin of hindwing with 3-4 setae proximal to costalbreak. $ genital segment (Fig. 79) rounded triangular in profile, subgenital plate without ventraltransverse groove, cf unknown. P. willcocksiPauropsylla willcocksiP[auropsylla]willcocksi Measurements (3 $). Maximum width of head, $ 0-55-0-57; length of antennal flagellum, $ 0-79-0-88;length of ultimate rostral segment, $ 0-09; length of forewing, $ 2-77-3-08; length of hind tibia, $0-65-0-70. Larva and host plant unknown. Holotype $, Cameroun: Bamenda, 6.H.1957, yellow tray (V. F. Eastop) (BMNH; slide mounted). Paratypes. Cameroun: 1 $, same data as holotype. Ivory Coast: 1 $, 24.iv. 1969 (A. Pollet). (BMNH;slide mounted.) AFROTROPICAL JUMPING PLANT LICE 31 The fr/gemma-group Defined by having highly modified antennae which are reduced in length, some of theflagellomeres bearing double rhinaria with bifid sensilla; anal pore of 9 with an incomplete outerring of wax-producing cells. Three species are included: trigemma, ngongae and breviantennata. Pauropsylla trigemma sp. n. Pauropsylla trigemmaPauropsylla trigemmaPauropsyllatrigemma6766214 (Figs 11, 80-82) DESCRIPTION. Adult. Integument with a dense covering of short setae. Median suture of vertex present andcomplete; antennal flagellum (Fig. 11) very short, 0-84-0-88 times as long as head width, flagellomere 2with a single rhinarium bearing a very short bifid sensillum, flagellomeres 4 and 6 each with a pair ofrhinaria and each of these bears a long bifid sensillum, flagellomere 7 with a single rhinarium which bears abifid sensillum of moderate length, both terminal setae on apical flagellomere long; clypeus with a pair ofsetae, ultimate rostral segment without setae. Forewing (Fig. 80) 2-24-2-26 times longer than wide, veinsbearing short setae, mv cell value 0-94-1-04; fore coxa without a ventroapical spur; tarsal segmentssubequal. cf proctiger narrow tubular, without lateral expansions or thickened setae, paramere andaedeagus as in Figs 81, 82; 9 unknown. Measurements (2 cf). Maximum width of head, 0-48-0-55; length of antennal flagellum, 0-42-0-46;length of ultimate rostral segment, 0-06-0-08; length of forewing, 1-82-1-91; length of hind tibia,0-32-0-39. Larva and host plant unknown. Holotype cf, Angola: Bruco, 26.ii.-2.iii. 1972, at light (D. Hollis) (BMNH; slide mounted). Paratype. Tanzania: 1 cf, Kilimanjaro, Bismark Hut, 2,500-3,000 m, S. Mawenzi, at foot of highpasture, ii.1912 (Chr. Schroder] (MNHU; slide mounted). COMMENTS. P. trigemma and ngongae are regarded as sister-species. They may beseparated from one another by the shape of the forewing and the chaetotaxy of the forewingveins. Both species form the sister-group of breviantennata. P. trigemmaPauropsylla trigemmaP[auropsylla]trigemma Pauropsylla ngongae sp. n. Pauropsylla ngongaePauropsylla ngongaePauropsyllangongae6766205 (Figs 29, 83) DESCRIPTION. Adult. Very similar to trigemma. Integument covered with long setae. Antennal flagellum0-77 times as long as head width, flagellomere 7 (Fig. 29) with a supplementary long conical sensillumadjacent to rhinarium. Forewing (Fig. 83) 1-79 times longer than wide, veins bearing long setae in proximaltwo-thirds of wing, cf unknown. 9 genital segment short, triangular in profile; subgenital plate with atruncate posterior margin which bears long setae, inner fold connecting ventral ovipositor valve sclerotisedand extended as a triangular projection beyond posterior margin of subgenital plate. Measurements (1 9)- Maximum width of head, 0-48; length of antennal flagellum, 0-37; length ofultimate rostral segment, 0-05; length of forewing, 1-75; length of hind tibia, 0-46. Larva and host plant unknown. Holotype $, Kenya: Nairobi, June. Magadi-Langata Rd, c. 5,400', 26.vii.1974 (D. Hollis) (BMNH; drymounted).Paratypes. 2 9, same data as holotype (BMNH; slide and dry mounted). COMMENT. See under P. trigemma. P. trigemmaPauropsylla trigemmaP[auropsylla]trigemma Pauropsylla breviantennata sp. n. Pauropsylla breviantennataPauropsylla breviantennataPauropsyllabreviantennata6766201 (Figs 12, 84, 85) DESCRIPTION. Adult. Similar to P. trigemma. Integument covered with short setae. Median suture of vertexweak and incomplete towards occipital margin; antennal flagellum (Fig. 12) 6-segmented, 0-76-0-84, timesas long as head width, two rhinaria present apically on flagellomeres 2, 3 and 4, a single rhinarium presenton flagellomere 5, rhinaria of flagellomeres 2,3 and 5 bear large bulbous sensillae, rhinaria of flagellomere4 bear bifid sensillae, rhinarium of flagellomere 5 with an associated conical sensillum, terminal setae ofapical flagellomere of equal length, very long, about 0-75 times as long as whole flagellum. cf proctiger, P. trigemmaPauropsylla trigemmaP[auropsylla]trigemma 32 DAVID HOLLIS paramere and aedeagus as in Fig. 85; 9 genital segment damaged in specimen available, posterior marginsof both proctiger and subgenital plate densely clothed with long setae. Measurements (1 d", 1 $). Maximum width of head, cf 0-37, 9 0-42; length of antennal flagellum , cf0-31, $0-32; length of ultimate rostral segment, $0-04; length of forewing, cf 1-13, 9 1-32; length of hindtibia, cf 0-36, $ 0-34. Larva and host plant unknown. Holotype, cf Ghana: Tafo, 29.V.1957 (V. F. Eastop) (BMNH; slide mounted).Paratype. Nigeria: 1 $, Mokwa, 6-12.ix. 1964, Moericke bowl (/. A'Brook) (BMNH; slide mounted). COMMENTS. P. breviantennata is regarded as the sister-species of both trigemma and ngongae. Itdiffers from both of these in that the antennal flagellum is even more reduced with the loss offlagellomeres 3 and 5, these being the non-rhinarium-bearing flagellomeres of the primitiveantenna. In all three species, congruent with the reduction in length of the antenna, is thedevelopment of complex rhinaria and lengthening of the terminal setae. P. breviantennataPauropsylla breviantennataP[auropsylla]breviantennata The septima-group Defined by the complex form of the apical segment of the aedeagus and the emarginate posteriormargin of the female subgenital plate. Two species are included: P. septima and P. proxima. P. proximaPauropsylla proximaP[auropsylla]proxima P. septimaPauropsylla septimaP[auropsylla]septima Pauropsylla septima sp. n. Pauropsylla septimaPauropsylla septimaPauropsyllaseptima6766210 (Figs 86-89) DESCRIPTION. Adult. Integument sparsely covered with short setae. Median suture of vertex present;antennal flagellum 1-14-1-40 times longer than head width, rhinaria simple, apical flagellomere with onelong and one short and truncate terminal seta; clypeus with a pair of setae, ultimate rostral segment with apair of short setae. Forewing (Fig. 86) 2-00-2-25 times longer than wide, veins very sparsely clothed withshort setae; forecoxa without ventroapical spur; tarsal segments subequal. cf proctiger flask-shaped, withpatches of fine setae on inner surfaces of lateral expansions; paramere and aedeagus as in Figs 87,88, latterwith complex apical segment; 9 genital segment rounded triangular in profile, posterior margin ofsubgenital plate with a small emargination and bordered with short setae (Fig. 89). Measurements (8 cf, 7 $). Maximum width of head, cf 0-42-0-47, 9 0-43-0-49; length of antennalflagellum, cf 0-54-0-61, 9 0-55-0-61; length of ultimate rostral segment, cf and <J>, 0-06-0-07; length offorewing, cf 1-87-2-13, 9 2-16-2-49; length of hind tibia, cf 0-48-0-58, 9 0-52-0-58. Larva and host plant unknown. Holotype cf, Cameroun: Bamenda, 20-24.U957, yellow tray (V. F. Eastop) (BMNH; slide mounted). Paratypes. Cameroun: 3 cf, 2 9, same data as holotype; 17 cf, 11 9, 25.i.-6.ii.l957 (V. F. Eastop)(BMNH; slide mounted and stored in Berlese fluid). COMMENT. P. septima and proxima are regarded as sister species and may be distinguished fromone another by the form of the male paramere (Figs 87, 90) and the female subgenital plate(Figs 89, 92). P. septimaPauropsylla septimaP[auropsylla]septima Pauropsylla proxima sp. n. Pauropsylla proximaPauropsylla proximaPauropsyllaproxima6766206 (Figs 90-92, 283, 284) DESCRIPTION. Adult. Very similar to septima. Differs in the shape of the cf paramere (Fig. 90), and thedeeply emarginate and long-haired posterior margin of the 9 subgenital plate (Fig. 92). Measurements (10 cf, 10 9)- Maximum width of head, cf 0-46-0-53, 9 0-50-0-53; length of antennalflagellum, cf 0-59-0-73, 9 0-63-0-72; length of ultimate rostral segment, cf 0-07, 9 0-07-0-08; length offorewing, cf 2-09-2-24, $ 2-32-2-49; length of hind tibia, cf 0-53-0-59, 9 0-54-0-61. Fourth instar larva (Figs 283, 284). No 5th instar larvae available for study. Dorsal surface outline ovalwith clearly defined head, thorax and abdomen, about 1-5 times longer than wide. Small prothoracicsclerites present behind cephaloprothorax, arrangement of sclerites of rest of thorax as in Fig. 283; humerallobe of forewing bud not developed. Caudal plate excludes first four abdominal segments; anus ventral,pore ring complex (Fig. 284). Sectasetae absent from margin of cephaloprothorax, pointed sectasetaepresent on margins of wing buds and abdomen, dorsal surface of abdomen with a dense covering oflanceolate setae. AFROTROPICAL JUMPING PLANT LICE 33 HOST PLANT. Adults and larvae collected from Ficus sp., and adults only collected from Ficusthonningii (Moraceae). Holotype cf, Cameroun: Bamenda, 25-31.1.1957, yellow tray (V. F. Eastop) (BMNH; slide mounted). Paratypes. Cameroun: 6 cf, 15 $, same data as holotype; numerous cf and $, 20-24.1.1957 and1-6.11.1957. Angola: 3 cf, 7 $, larvae, Chianga, 10.x.1970, Ficus sp.; 4 cf, 3 $, 7.x.1971, Ficus thonningii(A. van Harteri). Nigeria: 4 cf, Zaria, 28.11.1956, yellow tray (V. F. Eastop). (BMNH; slide and drymounted, and stored in Berlese fluid.) Ficus thonningiiFicus thonningiiFicusthonningii2676323 COMMENT. See under P. septima. P. septimaPauropsylla septimaP[auropsylla]septima Ungrouped speciesPauropsylla angolensissp. n. Pauropsylla angolensisPauropsylla angolensisPauropsyllaangolensis6766200 (Figs 93, 94) DESCRIPTION. Adult. Similar to senegalensis (p. 34) but larger. Median suture of vertex weak butcomplete; antennal flagellum 1-13-1-17 times longer than head width; clypeus with two pairs of setae.Forewing 1-99-2-09 times longer than wide, cf proctiger with very weakly expanded lateral lobes;paramere and aedeagus as in Figs 93, 94; 9 genital segment short, rounded triangular in profile; posteriormargin of subgenital plate truncate. Measurements (2 cf, 1 $)• Maximum width of head, cf 0-60-0-64, 9 0-63; length of antennal flagellum,Cf 0.-72, $ 0-74; length of ultimate rostral segment, cf 0-07, 9 0-08; length of forewing, cf 2-80, 9 3-03;leng'th of hind tibia, cf 0-78-0-79, 9 0-88. Larva and host plant unknown. Holotype cf, Angola: 3 mis SW. Salazar, 15.iii.1972, at light (D Hollis) (BMNH; dry mounted).Paratypes. 4 cf, 1 $, same data as holotype (BMNH; slide and dry mounted). Pauropsylla eastopisp. n. Pauropsylla eastopiPauropsylla eastopiPauropsyllaeastopi6766202 (Figs 95-97) DESCRIPTION. Adult. Integument shiny, sparsely covered with short setae. Median suture of vertex present;antennal flagellum 1-24-1-45 times longer than head width, rhinaria simple, apical flagellomere withsubequal terminal setae; clypeus with several short setae; ultimate rostral segment without setae. Forewing2-08-2-26 times longer than wide, veins very sparsely clothed with short setae, ml cell value 0-86-0-98;forecoxa without ventroapical spur; tarsal segments subequal. cf proctiger (Fig. 97) with greatly enlargedlateral expansions which do not bear peg-like setae, paramere and aedeagus as in Figs 95, 96; 9 genitalsegment very short triangular in profile, sternite 6 of abdomen very weakly sclerotised ventrally,membrane between tergite 8 and proctiger with lateral glandular areas. Measurements (7 cf, 7 9)- Maximum width of head, cf 0-47-0-50, 9 0-49-0-51; length of antennalflagellum, cf 0-65-0-71, 9 0-62-0-65; length of ultimate rostral segment, cf and 9 0-06-0-07; length offorewing, cf 2-25-2-40, 9 2-43-2-61; length of hind tibia, cf 0-55-0-60, 9 0-57-0-60. Larva and host plant unknown. Holotype cf, Cameroun: Bamenda, 1-5.ii.1957, yellow tray (V. F. Eastop) (BMNH; slide mounted). Paratypes. Cameroun: numerous cf and 9> same data as holotype; numerous cf and 9, 20-31.1.1957and 6.H.1957 (V. F. Eastop} (BMNH; slide and dry mounted, and stored in Berlese fluid). COMMENTS. This species is easily distinguished from all other known Pauropsylla species by theform of the male proctiger and genitalia (Figs 95-97), and the lack of sclerotisation of the femaleabdominal sternite 6. I can find no other characters which will relate it more closely to otherspecies-groups within the genus. Pauropsylla longipessp. n. Pauropsylla longipesPauropsylla longipesPauropsyllalongipes6766203 (Figs 98-101, 287, 288) DESCRIPTION. Adult. Integument granular, sparsely covered with short setae. Median suture of vertexabsent; antennal flagellum 1-41-1-78 times longer than head width, rhinaria simple, apical flagellomerewith one long and one moderately long truncate seta terminally; clypeus with a pair of setae, ultimate 34 DAVID HOLLIS rostral segment with 2-4 pairs of setae. Forewing 2-05-2-26 times longer than wide, veins very sparselyclothed with short setae, m\ cell value 0-77-1-05; costal margin of hindwing with 2-4 setae proximal tocostal break; forecoxa without ventroapical spur; basitarsal segments 1-5 times as long as apical segmentsof tarsi, cf proctiger with a small group of up to 12 peg-like setae on the inner surface of each lateralexpansion (Fig. 100), paramere and aedeagus as in Figs 98, 99; 9 genital segment (Fig. 101) elongatetriangular in profile, subgenital plate without ventral transverse groove. Measurements (9 cf, 7 9)- Maximum width of head, cf 0-43-0-50, 9 0-43-0-52; length of antennalflagellum, cf 0-68-0-94, 9 0-66-0-80; length of ultimate rostral segment, cf 0-08-0-10, 9 0-09-0-10; lengthofforewing, cf 1-94-2-24, 9 1-91-2-47; length of hind tibia, cf 0-63-0-78, 9 0-67-0-81. Fifth instar larva (Figs 287, 288). Dorsal surface outline elongate oval with a clear indentation on eitherside at base of abdomen, and a posteromedian prolongation, about twice as long as wide (includingprolongation). Antenna with three flagellomeres. Cephalothorax entire, posterior margin serrate; fore-wing pad 0-52 mm long, humeral lobes weakly produced forward but not reaching hind margin of eye.Caudal plate about 1-3 times longer than wide (including prolongation); anus ventral and distant fromposterior margin of abdomen, anus and pore ring as in Fig. 288. Small narrow tubular sectasetae form asparse fringe on head and wing buds; both large and small tubular sectasetae form an uneven fringe aroundabdomen; a simple postocular seta present; sectasetae on dorsum as in Fig. 287. HOST PLANT. Adults and larvae collected from Ficus sp. (Moraceae). Holotype cf, Tanzania: S. Pare mtns, hillside above Gonja, c. 3,000', 12-16.vi.1974, Ficus sp. (D. Hollis)(BMNH; dry mounted). Paratypes. Tanzania: 18 cf, 7 9> same data as holotype; 21 cf, 19 9> larvae, E. Usambara mtns,Amani-Muheza Rd, below Kiswani, c. 2,000', 21-24.vi.1974, Ficus sp. (D. Hollis). Cameroun: 5 cf, 6 9,Bamenda, 24.i.-6.ii.l957, yellow tray (V. F. Eastop). Nigeria: 1 9, W. State, Ile-Ife, 6.ix.l971 (J. T.Medler). Ghana: 2 cf, Tafo (B. N. Gerrard); 1 cf, 12 9, 15.V.1957; 15 cf, 15 9, vi.1957 (V. F. Eastop).(BMNH; slide and dry mounted, and stored in Berlese fluid.) COMMENTS. This species resembles those of the willcocksi-group in lacking a median suture onthe vertex and having peg-like setae on the inner surfaces of the lateral expansions of the maleproctiger, but differs in lacking a ventroapical spur on the forecoxa. It is readily distinguishedfrom other Afrotropical Pauropsylla species by the proportions of the tarsal segments. Pauropsylla mistura sp. n. Pauropsylla misturaPauropsylla misturaPauropsyllamistura6766204 (Figs 102-104) DESCRIPTION. Adult. Very similar to senegalensis (p. 34) but larger. Median suture of vertex present andcomplete; antennal flagellum 1-15-1-31 times longer than head width. Forewing 2-21-2-30 times longerthan wide, cf proctiger with very weak lateral expansions, paramere and aedeagus as in Figs 102,103; 9genital segment short, rounded triangular in profile (Fig. 104), ventral margin of subgenital plate roundedin profile. Measurements (3 cf, 6 9)- Maximum width of head, cf 0-50-0-51, 9 0-51-0-53; length of antennalflagellum, cf 0-62-0-64, 9 0-61-0-67; length of ultimate rostral segment, cf 0-07, 9 0-07-0-08; length offorewing, cf 2-49-2-64, 9 2-58-2-78; length of hind tibia, cf 0-58-0-60, 9 0-59-0-66. Larva and host plant unknown. Holotype cf, Cameroun: Bamenda, 20-24.1.1957, yellow tray (V. F. Eastop) (BMNH; slide mounted). Paratypes. Cameroun: 1 9 > same data as holotype; 1 cf,3 9,25.i.-5.ii. 1957. Nigeria: 1 cf, 1 9> Samaru,viii.1956; 1 9, Jos, 25-26.xi. 1956, yellow tray (V. F. Eastop). Ghana: 1 9, Tafo, v.1957 (V. F. Eastop).(BMNH; slide mounted.) COMMENTS. P. mistura is larger than senegalensis, has the male paramere and aedeagus of adifferent shape, and a rounded conical female genital segment. It may be separated fromangolensis on the form of the male genitalia. P. misturaPauropsylla misturaP[auropsylla]mistura Pauropsylla senegalensis sp. n. Pauropsylla senegalensisPauropsylla senegalensisPauropsyllasenegalensis6766209 (Figs 105-108, 285, 286) DESCRIPTION. Adult. Integument granular, sparsely covered with very short setae. Median suture of vertexweak, evanescing before reaching occiput; antennal flagellum 1-06-1-27 times longer than head width, AFROTROPICAL JUMPING PLANT LICE 35 rhinaria simple, apical flagellomere with one long and one short and truncate seta; clypeus with a pair ofsetae, ultimate rostral segment without setae. Forewing 1-91-2-03 times longer than wide, veins verysparsely clothed with short setae, mi cell value 0-69-0-91. Forecoxa without ventroapical spur; tarsalsegments subequal. d" proctiger (Fig. 107) flask-shaped, with weak lateral expansions which bear simplesetae on their inner surfaces, paramere and aedeagus as in Figs 105, 106; $ genital segment (Fig. 108)short, subrectangular in profile, proctiger with a weak transverse groove posterior to anal pore, subgenitalplate with a narrowly arcuate posterior margin, ventral margin subangular in profile. Measurements (7 d", 4 $). Maximum width of head, cf 0-45-0-48, £ 0-48-0-50; length of antennalflagellum, cf 0-54-0-61, 9 0-51-0-58; length of ultimate rostral segment, cf and $ 0-06-0-07; length offorewing, cf 1-75-1-87, $ 1-93-2-09; length of hind tibia, cf 0-50-0-54, $ 0-54-0-56. Fifth instar larva (Figs 285,286). Dorsal surface outline broadly oval, about 1-2 times longer than wide.Antenna with two flagellomeres. Cephalothorax entire; forewing pad 0-65 mm long, humeral lobeextending forward as far as anterior margin of eye. Caudal plate about 0-6 times as long as wide, anusventral and distant from posterior margin of abdomen, anus and pore ring as in Fig. 286. Truncate tubularsectasetae forming an even dense fringe; postocular seta absent, sectasetae absent from dorsum. HOST PLANT. Adults and larvae collected from Ficus sp. (Moraceae). Holotype cf, Senegal: Simbandi-Balante, 18.vi.1981, Ficus sp. (/. Etienne) (BMNH; dry mounted). Paratypes. Numerous adults and larvae, same data as holotype (BMNH; MNHN; slide and drymounted, and stored in 80% ethanol). COMMENTS. This species is very similar to mistura and angolensis, but it may be distinguishedfrom these by its smaller size, the incomplete median suture of the vertex and the form of themale and female genitalia (Figs 105-108). TRIOZA Foerster Trioza Foerster, 1848:67. Type-species: Chermes urticae Linnaeus, by subsequent designation of Oshanin,1912:128. Chermes urticaeChermes urticaeChermesurticae PowelliaMaskell, 1879:223. Type-species: Powellia vitreoradiataMaskell, by monotypy. [Synonymised byMaskell, 1890: 167.] Powellia vitreoradiataPowellia vitreoradiataPowelliavitreoradiata Phylloplecta Riley, 1884: 319. Type-species: Psylla tripunctata Fitch, by monotypy. [Synonymised byTuthill, 1943: 546.] Psylla tripunctataPsylla tripunctataPsyllatripunctata Phyllopecta Ferris, 1926: 16. [Misspelling of Phylloplecta Riley; Tuthill, 1943: 546.] Spam'ozaEnderlein, 1926:400. Type-species: Trioza galii Foerster, by original designation. [Synonymisedby Tuthill, 1943:546.] Trioza galiiTrioza galiiTriozagalii6029098 Colopelma Enderlein, 1926: 400. Type-species: Trioza thomasii Low, by original designation. [Synony-mised by Tuthill, 1943: 546.] Trioza thomasiiTrioza thomasiiTriozathomasii Siphonaleyrodes Takahashi, 1932: 48. Type-species: Siphonaleyrodes formosanus Takahashi, by originaldesignation. [Synonymised by Mound & Halsey, 1978: 252.] Siphonaleyrodes formosanusSiphonaleyrodes formosanusSiphonaleyrodesformosanus Only established synonymy is stated above but the following references, given under thesynonymy of the family Triozidae (p. 8), contain regional revisions of Trioza: Vondracek,1957 (Czechoslovakia); Ramirez-Gomez, 1960 (Spain); Dobreanu & Manolache, 1962 (Ruma-nia); Loginova, 1964 (European U.S.S.R.); Klimaszewski, 1973 (Palaearctic check-list); 1975(Poland); Sulc, 1910; 1911; 1912; 1913 (revision of Palaearctic species); Crawford, 1919(Oriental, Australo-oriental and Pacific); Mathur, 1975 (India); Froggatt, 1901 (Australia);Tuthill, 1952 (New Zealand); Zimmermann, 1948 (Hawaii); Crawford, 1914 (New World);Tuthill, 1943 (N. America); 1944 (Mexico); 1959; 1964 (Peru). Tuthill's argument (1943: 547) that Phylloplecta Riley is a nomen nudum is not accepted hereas Riley's statement 'Phylloplecta tripunctata, which crumbles the tips of blackberry' makesclear he is referring to Psylla tripunctata and validates Phylloplecta Riley, 1884 under Article16(v) of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Psylla tripunctataPsylla tripunctataPsyllatripunctata As the following species are here placed in Trioza on a temporary basis, a detailed descriptionof the genus is of no systematic value. These species differ from Afrotropical species placed inother triozid genera as follows. Median suture of vertex present and normally complete; genal cones, when present, notconstricted basally. Propleural suture diagonal, episternum enlarged, epimeron reduced, 36 DAVID HOLLIS displaced ventrally and not in contact with lateral margin of pronotum. Forewing shape mostlyelongate elipsoid and narrowing to a subangular apex, if with rounded apex then more than 2-3times longer than wide (exception T. guiera, p. 62); radular areas present only in cells m\, m2and cu\\ claval suture reaching hind margin of wing some distance from apex of Cwlb. Ventralsense organs of hind femur in median position; basal tarsal segment of hind leg without apicalspurs. Male proctiger unipartite. T. guieraTrioza guieraT[rioza]guiera For the species treated below the grouped species are considered before those not placed ingroups. The erytreae-group is dealt with first as it contains the major pest species and, probably,is most closely related to the type-species. Other species-groups are treated in descending orderof apparent relationship to the erytreae-group. The ungrouped species are treated in alphabeti-cal order. The erjtreae-group A difficult group to define, the 10 species included having no single character which will delimitthem from other Trioza species, and therefore the grouping may be artificial. The description oferytreae serves to define the group. The species included are: erytreae, catlingi, menispermicola,gregoryi, ata, kilimanjarica, tiliacora, carvalhoi, capeneriandeafra. Known host plant families are Rutaceae, Menispermaceae, Araliaceae and possibly Sali-caceae. This is a rather wide range but there may be chemical similarities within these families(Thorne, 1976: 85; Dahlgren, 1977: 260). Trioza erytreae (Del Guercio) Trioza erytreaeTrioza erytreaeTriozaerytreae5455476 (Figs 2, 7-9, 34, 35, 40-42, 49, 52, 54, 55,109-111,126,127, 289, 290) Citrus Psylla (Trioza); Lounsbury, 1897: 116. 'Psyllidengalle'; Citrus aurantium; Riibsaamen, 1899: 266. Citrus aurantiumCitrus aurantiumCitrusaurantium2652355 Aleurodes erytreae Del Guercio, 1918: 167. Syntypes, larvae, ETHIOPIA 'Eritrea' [not traced]. Aleurodes erytreaeAleurodes erytreaeAleurodeserytreae Trioza citri Laing; Waterston, 1922: 49, 55. [Nomen nudum.] Trioza citriTrioza citriTriozacitri Trioza merwei Pettey, 1923: 30. Syntypes SOUTH AFRICA 'Natal, Durban, on orange and Toddalia Trioza merweiTrioza merweiTriozamerwei lanceolata" (SAM; USNM) [not examined]. [Synonymised by Pettey, 1933: 19.]Spanioza merwei (Pettey); Enderlein, 1926: 400. Spanioza merweiSpanioza merweiSpaniozamerwei Spanioza erythreae (Del Guercio); Boselli, 1930ft: 228; Pettey, 1933: 19; Harris, 1936: 498.Citrus Psylla (Spanioza erytreae} Del Guercio; Van der Merwe, 1941: 5.Trioza erytreae (Del Guercio); Capener, 1970: 200. Trioza erytreaeTrioza erytreaeTriozaerytreae5455476 Spanioza erythreaeSpanioza erythreaeSpaniozaerythreae Spanioza erytreaeSpanioza erytreaeSpaniozaerytreae Only primary taxonomic references are quoted above. Further references on the biology andeconomic aspects of this species are given in the introduction (p. 4). DESCRIPTION. Adult. Integument sparsely covered with short setae. Head, in profile, almost at 90° tolongitudinal axis of body, from above almost as wide as mesoscutum; occipital margin rounded; vertexpentagonal with anterior margin deeply incised by median suture, rounded down to frons, lateral ocelli onouter sides of raised tubercles, a shallow concavity present on either side of median suture; median ocellusnot visible in dorsal view; frons completely covered by genae in anterior view; genal cones well developed,elongate conical with rounded apices; antennal flagellum 2-08-2-81 times longer than head width, headwidth to length of 1st flagellum in c? 1-26-1-70, in $ 1-30-1-82; a single rhinarium present subapically onflagellomeres 2, 4, 6 and 7, apical flagellomere with a long pointed seta and a short truncate seta apically;clypeus with a pair of setae, ultimate rostral segment with two pairs of setae. Thorax strongly arched;pronotum just visible from above, in profile strongly rounded down behind occiput. Mesopraescutumabout as wide as long, its anterior margin strongly arcuate in dorsal view, in profile strongly downcurved topronotum; forewing hyaline, elongate oval and narrowing to a rounded rectangular apex, 2-79-3-09 timeslonger than wide, radular areas elongate triangular, remainder of membrane devoid of spinules; veinsbearing short setae, R branch acutangular, M branch distal to Rs—Cu^ line, Cu stem 2-75^-20 timeslonger than Culb, mi cell value 1-10-1-38, cu\ cell value 2-56-3-71; forewing 1-59-1-82 times longer thanhindwing, costal margin of hindwing with up to two setae proximal to costal break, setae distal to costalbreak clearly divided into two groups; hind coxa with a well-defined meracanthus and without anteriorlobe; hind tibia with a moderately developed basal spine, with one outer and three (rarely two) inner apical AFROTROPICAL JUMPING PLANT LICE 37 spurs. Abdomen with setae on tergites 2 and 3 in cf, and 3 and 4 in $; cf proctiger (Fig. 109) with a laterallyexpanded basal part and a very short and narrow apical part; paramere as in Fig. 110; apical segment ofaedeagus simple (Fig. Ill); $ genital segment (Fig. 127) short, conical, subgenital plate with a ventralbulge, ventral valves of ovipositor weakly serrate apically. Measurements (19 cf, 21 $). Maximum width of head, cf 0-37-040, $ 0-38-0-46; length of antennalflagellum, Cf 0-85-1-10, $ 0-83-1 -10; length of ultimate rostral segment, cf 0-09-0-10, $ 0-09-0-11; lengthof forewing, cf 2-40-2-96, $ 2-61-3-46; length of hind tibia, cf 0-50-0-62, $ 0-48-0-62. 54 0-30- 0-200-35 0-40head width (mm) A- erytreae • - catlingi • - menispermicola 55 no- 5 100- A A i A A A 0-6 length of forewing pad (mm) 0-9 1-0 Figs 54, 55 Scatter diagrams comparing characters of Trioza erytreae, T. catlingi and T. menispermicola.54, adults, length of 1st flagellomere against head width. 55, larvae, number of sectasetae on forewingpad against length of forewing pad. Trioza erytreaeTrioza erytreaeTriozaerytreae5455476 T. menispermicolaTrioza menispermicolaT[rioza]menispermicola T. catlingiTrioza catlingiT[rioza]catlingi 38 DAVID HOLLIS ° 00 = o m pje NO fl Or- */") ON OO OO ON OO fN CN ss NO «•> fo m r- o o <N <N (N 00 00 r^ 00 •g Sr 5 oo<S |^ r^i m -^^ ^i ^ ^^ S-^ m^ «AJ. 4r4 Nio O ^H lO *O <S C^ 5? f^ m -9 55 55. «0 ON O 55 5^ ONO £ •3 22 ? 5- n J2 2| S5 ?2 S2 sl ^1 ^S * o o 0 0 00 00 00 o o o o o o o o o o "° - c 88 8 = 30 ^.N jnjn 5 p; r-i S Ro oo 55 ai S 1 c 'S g oo 12 II II II 13 22 33 NO NO 15 ii is J£ 3 h. i/l m ro f*^ f*^ mm m TJ- -^ t to in 1- •* mm mm •* m UQ position o ^ 1 "3 ~ §.1 ab E ostic for each speci* "o c 13 .CTJ of sectasetae;ellar on forewingnt pad of 5thinstar larva ab Eo m c OXJ 03 •aj> •c M u 00<S |^ r^i m T3 a n 5? & <uc CO £ •3 22 ? 5- >, 03 j=1 "° - c o o 88 <U-C 1 ai S 1= ••=«?? 12 er states edged ii CHARACTERS spinules on h forewing lemembrane ur< M m ro cu 1 0 03 1 1 <s M es and cha C 1? 00 c Ji •t « r- t~ _D 03 1 13 c ii erytreae-group. \ *o 1 a. 1 •a E§ obE j= 00 NO 3 1 1 fjl rs (S .A NO >n ^ ^x'C fS <N aracter ma sex abdomin v> 00 « .c'ob J3 co S^ x 'bo* U Tt <u3 83 E C/5 tiliacora c c u uCA c/)XI Xl i XI 1 CO 1 Q. c c c c c 1 1 1 1 1 ss as o in•* TT CN) CN) V>. O •» -H PS? ?-S 2£S SS PS mS SS ON" S id 2S n 22 ig :n ^2 fNI <N [S (N — (N •<t « (^ u-i r- r- r- r- M oo V~t in m. Q-^-t 00<O •— • O ONf^ r-(N NONO *o^o r^oo i^-r*- ^ooo ^ &i NO 00 •^ ^" f •* m^m ^!n ^L^ ^ ii ^!^ E E obE e— m « ob ob obE E E § 5ob obE E 3 obE S ob E 00 NO CN O E E E E NO S g;ss gs gg ss 2S 22 SSJ SS SS r4 r^ J.NC >/"l ^~ n gj n sg gg 2J gg 2J m (N CM CS<S (S(N <S<N fS(N (NOl <N(N <N(N rMCM rMM SI 31 51 33 31. 31 3J SI SI 31 "bo+ bo bo+ bo bo bo bo bo bo bo AFROTROPICAL JUMPING PLANT LICE 39 Fifth instar larva (Figs 289,290). Dorsal surface outline oval, about 1-5 times longer than wide. Antennawith 4-5 flagellomeres. Cephaloprothorax separate from rest of thorax which is entire. Forewing pad about0-8 mm long, humeral lobe extending forward beyond anterior margin of eye. Caudal plate about 0-65times as long as wide, anus ventral and distant from posterior margin of abdomen, anus and pore ring as inFig. 290. Truncate tubular sectasetae forming a dense, entire marginal fringe, postocular seta absent,sectasetae absent from dorsum. HOST PLANTS. Larvae, which form pit-galls on the lower surfaces of the leaves, and adults havebeen collected from Clausena anisata, Fagara capensis, Vepris undulata and Citrus spp. Clausena anisataClausena anisataClausenaanisata5830304 Vepris undulataVepris undulataVeprisundulata3472977 Fagara capensisFagara capensisFagaracapensis8519769 DISTRIBUTION. Widely distributed in the Afrotropical Region and specimens have been ex-amined from Cameroun, Zaire, Angola, Ethiopia, Ruanda, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Mala-wi, Zimbabwe, South Africa, Sao Tome, St Helena, Reunion and Madagascar. COMMENTS. T. erytreae is the only member of this group known to develop on members of theRutaceae. Apart from citrus I have collected adults and larvae from Clausena anisata in EastAfrica but Van Der Merwe (1941) records the insect from Vepris undulata (as Toddalialanceolata), Fagara capensis and Clausena anisata (as C. inaequalis) in South Africa, stating thatthe last seemed to be the preferred host. Moran (1968«) concludes that V. undulata and/or C.anisata were probably the indigenous host plants in South Africa. T. erytreaeTanzania erytreaeT[anzania]erytreae Clausena anisataClausena anisataClausenaanisata5830304 Vepris undulataVepris undulataVeprisundulata3472977 Fagara capensisFagara capensisFagaracapensis8519769 C. inaequalisClausena inaequalisC[lausena]inaequalis V. undulataVepris undulataV[epris]undulata Members of the erytreae-group are morphologically homogeneous and male genitalia charac-ters are not always species diagnostic. These characters can be used to separate erytreae fromgregoryi (Figs 114, 115), kilimanjarica (Fig. 118), carvalhoi (Figs 122-124) and eafra (Fig. 125)but not the rest of the group. T. tiliacora is easily separated as it has setae on all abdominaltergites and a relatively broader forewing; capeneri has a lower cu± cell value and a relativelylonger hindwing; in ata the clypeus has two pairs of setae and a relatively shorter ultimate rostralsegment. It is extremely difficult to separate catlingi and menispermicola from erytreae: incatlingi the first flagellomere is longer (head width to length of 1st flagellomere 1-06-1-23) andthe marginal sectasetae of the 5th instar larva are less dense (Fig. 54); in menispermicola theadults appear identical to erytreae but the marginal sectasetae are less dense (Fig. 55). Asummary of the characters used to separate members of the erytreae-group is given in Table 4. T. tiliacoraTrioza tiliacoraT[rioza]tiliacora Trioza catlingi sp. n. Trioza catlingiTrioza catlingiTriozacatlingi6766228 (Figs 54, 55,112,113, 291, 292)Trioza sp.; Catling, 1969ft: 220; McDaniel & Moran, 1972: 299. DESCRIPTION. Very similar to T. erytreae. First flagellomere longer, head width to length of 1st flagellomereratio in cf 1-06-1-23 and 1-11-1-25 in 9- Marginal sectasetae of 5th instar larva less dense (Figs 55, 291). T. erytreaeTanzania erytreaeT[anzania]erytreae Measurements (10 cT, 8 <j>). Maximum width of head, cf 0-37-0-41, $ 0-40-0-43; length of antennalflagellum,cf 1-01-1-16, $ 1-05-1-22; length of ultimate rostral segment, cf 0-09-0-11, $ 0-10-0-11; lengthof forewing, cf 2-61-3-12, $ 2-74-3-24; length of hind tibia, cf 0-58-0-65, $ 0-57-0-68. HOST PLANTS. Larvae, which form pit galls, and adults have been collected from Stephaniaabyssinica and Cissampelos sp. (Menispermaceae). Holotype cf, Kenya: Kakamega For. sta., c. 5,000', 18-19.vii. 1974, Stephania abyssinica (D. Hollis)(BMNH; dry mounted). Stephania abyssinicaStephania abyssinicaStephaniaabyssinica8846612 Paratypes. Kenya: 10 cf, 6 $, larvae, same data as holotype; 5 cf, 12 $, larvae, S. slope Mt Kenya,Thiba camp, c. 6,000', 9-10.vii.1974, Cissampelos sp.; 2 cf, 2 $, Tinderet For., 5 km along Lessos rd, c.8,000', 20.vii. 1974, Stephania abyssinica. Tanzania: 5 cf, larvae, Arusha NP, track to Ngurdoto, c. 5,000',7.vi.l974, Stephania abyssinica; 11 cf, 9 $, Ngurdoto Crater rim, c. 5,000', 8.vi.l974; 9 cf, 12 $, larvae,Stephania abyssinica; 6 cf, 1 $, Meru FR, track to crater, 6,000-9,000', 9.vi. 1974, Stephania abyssinica (D.Hollis). South Africa: 1 $, N. Tvl, Letaba, ix.1966, Cissampelos torulosa (A. P. D. McCleah). (BMNH;NMK; slide and dry mounted and stored in 80% ethanol.) Cissampelos torulosaCissampelos torulosaCissampelostorulosa8846982 Stephania abyssinicaStephania abyssinicaStephaniaabyssinica8846612 40 DAVID HOLLIS Trioza menispermicola sp. n. Trioza menispermicolaTrioza menispermicolaTriozamenispermicola6766174 (Figs 54, 55) DESCRIPTION. Very similar to erytreae and catlingi. Differs from catlingi in that ratio of head width to lengthof 1st flagellomere is 1-54—1-87 in cf and 1-52-1-80 in $. $ subgenital plate without ventral bulge. Differsfrom erytreae in the density of marginal sectasetae of the 5th instar larva (Fig. 55). Measurements (9 cf, 10 <j>). Maximum width of head, cf 0-37-0-43, $ 0-38-0-45; length of antennalflagellum, cf 0-83-0-89, $ 0-84-0-93; length of ultimate rostral segment, cf and $ 0-10-0-11; length offorewing, cf 2-27-2-64, $ 2-49-3-08; length of hind tibia, cf 0-47-0-53, $ 0-49-0-56. HOST PLANTS. Larvae, which form pit galls, and adults have been collected from Triclisiamacrophylla, T. patens and Cissampelos owariensis (Menispermaceae). Cissampelos owariensisCissampelos owariensisCissampelosowariensis8847265 T. patensTriclisia patensT[riclisia]patens Holotype cf, Ghana: 'Gold Coast; Bunsu, Jan. 1943, Triclisia macrophylla' (H. E. Box) (BMNH; drymounted). Triclisia macrophyllaTriclisia macrophyllaTriclisiamacrophylla5989165 Paratypes. Ghana: 1 cf, 5 $, larvae, same data as holotype. Nigeria: 100 cf, 100 $, larvae, Ibadan, Moorplntn, 7.iv.l956, 'Pseudogalls on creeper' (R. Donald); 4 cf, 2 $, larvae, Ilesha, 30.xii.1943, Cissampelosowariensis (H. E. Box). No locality data: 3 cf, 2 $, larvae, 22.xii.1942, Triclisia patens (H. E. Box).(BMNH; slide and dry mounted and stored in 80% ethanol.) Triclisia patensTriclisia patensTriclisiapatens8848055 Trioza gregoryi sp. n. Trioza gregoryiTrioza gregoryiTriozagregoryi6766239 (Figs 114,115) DESCRIPTION. Adult. Very similar to erytreae. Differs in shape of cf paramere (Fig. 114) and apical segmentof aedeagus (Fig. 115). $ subgenital plate smoothly rounded and without ventral bulge. Measurements (9 cf, 8 $). Maximum width of head, cf 0-35-0-38, $ 0.36-0-39; length of antennalflagellum, cf 0-72-0-86, $ 0-75-0-82; length of ultimate rostral segment, cf 0-09-0-11, $ 0-09-0-12; lengthof forewing, cf 2-30-2-74, cf 2-55-2-94; length of hind tibia, cf 0-44-0-57, $ 0-47-0-56.Larva and host plant unknown. Holotype cf, Nigeria: Umuahia, Umudike, 28.viii.1958, yellow tray (/. L. Gregory) (BMNH; slidemounted). Paratypes. Nigeria: 6 cf, 7 $, same data as holotype. Burundi: 1 Cf, 1 $, Gitega, 20.x.1980 (Pointel).Tanzania: 2 cT, 1 $, E. Usambara mtns, Amani Res. sta., 19-27.vi.1974 (D. Hollis). (BMNH; MNHN;slide mounted.) Trioza ata sp. n. Trioza ataTrioza ataTriozaata6766219 (Figs 116,117,128) DESCRIPTION. Adult. Very similar to erytreae but relatively larger (see measurements below). Clypeus withtwo pairs of setae; ultimate rostral segment relatively shorter, head width to ultimate rostral segmentlength ratio 4-6-5-22. cf proctiger less expanded laterally, paramere and apical segment of aedeagus as inFigs 116,117. Ventral valves of ovipositor with more serrations along apical part (Fig. 128). Measurements (13 cf, 6 <J>). Maximum width of head, cf 0-43-0-49, $ 0-46-0-50; length of antennalflagellum, cf 1-04-1-20, $ 1-13; length of ultimate rostral segment, cf and $ 0-09-0-10; length of forewing,Cf 3-11-3-51, $ 3-41-3-61; length of hind tibia, cf 0-53-0-60, $ 0-55-0-57. Larva unknown. HOST PLANT. Adults collected from Salix sfl/sa/(Salicaceae). Holotype cf, Angola: 12 mis SW. Luimbale, c. 5,500', 20-2l.iii. 1972, Salixsafsaf (D. Hollis) (BMNH; drymounted). Paratypes. Angola: 19 cf, 9 $, same data as holotype; 7 cf, 3 9, Tundavala, 8-10 mis NW. Sa daBandeira, 27-29.iii.1972, Salix safsaf (D. Hollis). Tanzania: 2 cf, Kilimanjaro, Bismark Hut, 2,500-3,000m, S. Mawenzi, at foot of high pasture, ii. 1912 (Chr. Schroder). (BMNH; MNHU; slide and dry mounted.) Salix safsafSalix safsafSalixsafsaf5884403 Trioza kilimanjarica sp. n. Trioza kilimanjaricaTrioza kilimanjaricaTriozakilimanjarica6766244 (Fig. 118)DESCRIPTION. Adult. Similar to ata. Distinguished by its smaller size (see measurements below); head width AFROTROPICAL JUMPING PLANT LICE 41 to ultimate rostral segment length ratio 5-29-5-71. cf paramere as in Fig. 118. $ subgenital plate withoutventral bulge, ventral valves of ovipositor serrate only at extreme apex. Measurements (7 cf, 4 $). Maximum width of head, cf 0-37-0-38, $ 0-38-0-40; length of antennalflagellum, cf 0-73-0-80, $ 0-82; length of ultimate rostral segment, cf and $,0-07; length of forewing, cf2-37-2-52, $> 2-64-2-87; length of hind tibia, cf 0-40-0-45, $ 0-42-0-45. Larva and host plant unknown. Holotype cf, Tanzania: Kilimanjaro, Bismark Hut, 2,500-3,000 m, S. Mawenzi, at foot of high pasture,ii.1912 (Chr. Schroder} (MNHU; slide mounted).Paratypes. 6 cf, 4 $, same data as holotype (MNHU; BMNH; slide mounted). Trioza tiliacora sp. n. Trioza tiliacoraTrioza tiliacoraTriozatiliacora6766171 (Figs 119-121,129, 293, 294) DESCRIPTION. Adult. Of similar general appearance to erytreae and catlingi. Integument slightly moredensely haired. Genal cones less elongate; antennal flagellum 2-05-2-41 times longer than head width.Forewing with an even yellowish infuscation in mature specimens, 2-46-2-61 times longer than wide; veinswith slightly longer setae; Cu stem 2-35-3-10 times longer than Cwlb; mt cell value 1-08-1-26, cu\ cell value2-37-2-82. Abdomen with setae present on all visible tergites; cf genitalia as in Figs 119-121; $ proctigerslightly less elongate apically than in erytreae and subgenital plate with less pronounced ventral bulge. Measurements (4 cf, 7 $). Maximum width of head, cf 0-40-0-42, $ 0-41-0-44; length of antennalflagellum, cf 0-92-1-0, $ 0-88-1-01; length of ultimate rostral segment, cf 0-10-0-11, $ 0-11-0-12; lengthof forewing, Cf 2-46-2-81, $ 2-61-3-09; length of hind tibia, cf 0-56-0-62, $ 0-54-0-62. Fifth instar larva (Figs 293, 294). Dorsal surface outline broadly oval, slightly emarginate posteriorly,about 1-4 times longer than wide. Antenna with 5-6 flagellomeres. Cephaloprothorax separated from restof thorax which is entire. Forewing pad about 0-8 mm long, extending forward anterior to anterior marginof eye. Caudal plate about 0-56 times as long as wide, anus posteroventral (Fig. 294). Truncate tubularsectasetae forming a moderately dense marginal fringe but absent on posteromedial margin, postocularsetae absent, sectasetae absent from dorsum. HOST PLANT. Adults and larvae collected from Tiliacora sp. (Menispermaceae) in associationwith ants of the genus Technomyrmex. The larvae were causing severe leaf curl. Holotype cf, Tanzania: E. Usambara Mtns, Amani Res. sta., 19-27.vi. 1974, c. 3,000', Tiliacora sp., inassociation with Technomyrmex sp. (D. Hollis) (BMNH; dry mounted).Paratypes. 5 cf, 13 9, larvae, same data as holotype (BMNH; slide and dry mounted). COMMENTS. Unlike other species in the erytreae-group, tiliacora has the chaetotaxy of theabdominal tergites in the primitive condition. Furthermore the anus of the 5th instar larva is in aposteroventral position which is normally regarded as a primitive state. However, in this case Ibelieve it to be secondarily derived and associated with ant-tending. Trioza carvalhoisp. n. Trioza carvalhoiTrioza carvalhoiTriozacarvalhoi6766227 (Figs 122-124,130,295,296) DESCRIPTION. Adult. In general appearance very similar to erytreae. Antennal flagellum slightly shorter,1-95-2-27 times longer than head width. Cu stem 2-19-3-06 times longer than Cwlb, cuv cell value 1-6-2-26;hindwing relatively longer, ratio of length of forewing to length of hindwing 1-42-1-54. cf genitalia as inFigs 122-124; $ subgenital plate without ventral bulge. Measurements (13 cf, 19 $). Maximum width of head, cf 0-36-0-41, $ 0-40-0-43; length of antennalflagellum, cf 0-79-0-86, $ 0-81-0-96; length of ultimate rostral segment, cf and $,0-09-0-10; length offorewing, cf 2-40-2-55, $ 2-66-2-92; length of hind tibia, cf 0-48-0-52, $ 0-48-0-55. Fifth instar larva (Figs 295,296). Very similar to erytreae. Antenna with 5-6 flagellomeres. Forewing padabout 0-66 mm long, humeral lobe extending forward to anterior margin of eye. Anus and pore ring as inFig. 296. HOST PLANTS. Adults and larvae collected from Cussonia spicata, C. angolensis and C.paniculata. The larvae form pit galls on the lower surfaces of the leaves and cause severe leafdistortion. Cussonia spicataCussonia spicataCussoniaspicata5832236 Cussonia spCussoniaCussoniasp 42 DAVID HOLLIS Holotype cf, Kenya: N. slope Mt Kenya, Naro Moru lodge area, c. 6,000', 11-14.vii.1974, Cussoniaspicata (D. Hollis) (BMNH; dry mounted). Paratypes. Kenya: 15 d", 13 $, same data as holotype; 1 $, Thomson's Falls, path into gorge, c. 7,800',15-16.vii.1974; 1 9, Marmanet FR, 5-15 km N. Thomson's Falls, c. 8,000', 16.vii.1974. Angola: 1 cf, 12mis SW. Luimbale, c. 5,500', 20-2l.iii. 1972; 11 cf, 23 $, larvae, Chianga, 21-24.iii. 1972, Cussoniaangolensis (D. Hollis); 7 cf, 7 $, larvae, 29.x. 1970, Cussoniaangolensis; 1 cf, 4 $,i. 1971, vagrants (A. vanMarten); 3 cf, 5 9» 8.i. 1973, Cussonia angolensis (L. Amorim). South Africa: 3 cf, 3 9, larvae, N. Tvl,Cussonia spicata (C. Malan); 2 cf, 3 $, Natal, Cathedral Peak, 18.i.1964, Cussonia paniculata (A. L.Capener); 1 cf, 1 9, Swaziland, M.R.S., iv.1966, Cussonia sp. (R.C.H. Sweeney). (BMNH, NCI; NMK;slide and dry mounted, and stored in 80% ethanol.) Cussonia angolensisCussonia angolensisCussoniaangolensis7564258 Cussonia spicataCussonia spicataCussoniaspicata5832236 Cussonia paniculataCussonia paniculataCussoniapaniculata5882346 Cussonia spCussoniaCussoniasp Trioza capenerisp. n. (Fig. 297) DESCRIPTION. Adult. Very similar to erytreae and carvalhoi. Antennal flagellum 1-95-2-28 times longerthan head width. Cu stem 2-27-3-40 times longer than C«lb; mt cell value 1-26-1-55, cui cell value1-91-2-45. Forewing 1-46-1-58 times longer than hindwing. cf genitalia not distinguishable from erytreae. Measurements (6 cf, 6 $). Maximum width of head, cf 0-38-0-41, 9 0-41-0-43; length of antennalflagellum, cf 0-79-0-91, 9 0-84-0-89; length of ultimate rostral segment, cf 0-09-0-10, 9 0-10-0-11; lengthof forewing, cf 2-54-2-80, 9 2-93-3-12; length of hind tibia, cf 0-48-0-51, 9 0-50-0-53. Fifth instar larva. Very similar to carvalhoi, anal pore area as in Fig. 297. HOST PLANT. One sample of adults and larvae collected from Seemannaralia gerrardii (Ara-liaceae). The larvae were forming pit galls on the fruit. Seemannaralia gerrardiiSeemannaralia gerrardiiSeemannaraliagerrardii5976367 Holotype cf, South Africa: Natal, vii. 1972, from pit galls on fruits of Seemannaralia gerrardii (A. L.Capener) (NCI; slide mounted). Seemannaralia gerrardiiSeemannaralia gerrardiiSeemannaraliagerrardii5976367 Paratypes. 13 Cf, 18 $, larvae, same data as holotype (NCI; BMNH; slide mounted and stored in 80%ethanol). COMMENTS. The male genitalia of this species are very similar to erytreae but the cu\ cell valueand relatively longer hindwing are similar to carvalhoi. Its host plant is a member of theAraliaceae and I am regarding it as the sister species of carvalhoi. Trioza eafra sp. n. Trioza eafraTrioza eafraTriozaeafra6766231 (Fig. 125) DESCRIPTION. Adult. Very similar to carvalhoi. Differs in having shorter antennae, antennal flagellum1-62-1-97 times longer than head width. Forewing membrane covered with spinules except for narrowareas bordering wing veins; cui cell value 1-61-2-45; forewing 1-37-1-56 times longer than hindwing. cfparamere as in Fig. 125. Measurements (11 cf, 10 9)- Maximum width of head, cf 0-35-0-40, 9 0-35-0-42; length of antennalflagellum, cf 0-59-0-71, 9 0-60-0-80; length of ultimate rostral segment, cf and $,0-08-0-09; length offorewing, cf 1-87-2-41, $ 1-99-2-70; length of hind tibia, cf 0-36-0-43, 9 0-36-0-47. Larva unknown. HOST PLANT. Adults collected from Cussonia spicata (Araliaceae). The leaves of the host treeswere heavily pitted but no larvae were found. Cussonia spicataCussonia spicataCussoniaspicata5832236 Cussonia spCussoniaCussoniasp Holotype cf, Kenya: L. Naivasha, W. shore rd, c. 6,200', 21-22.vi. 197'4, Cussonia spicata (D. Hollis)(BMNH; dry mounted). Cussonia spicataCussonia spicataCussoniaspicata5832236 Cussonia spCussoniaCussoniasp W. shoreWing shoreW[ing]shore Paratypes. Kenya: 9 cf, 16 $, same data as holotype; 5 cf, 8 $, Thomson's Falls, path into gorge, c.7,800', 15-16.vii. 1974, Cussonia sp.; 1 9, Mt Londiani For., 57 km W. Nakaru, c. 8,500', 20.vii. 1974 (D.Hollis); 2 cf, 2 $, Muguga, vi.1953, trapped. Tanzania: 5 cf, 6 9, Nachingwea, xi.1953-iii.1954, trapped(V. F. £ostop);3cf,69,E.UsambaraMtns, Amani-Muhezard, belowKiswani,c. 2,000',21-24.vi. 1974,Cussonia sp. (D. Hollis). (BMNH; NMK; slide and dry mounted.) COMMENTS. This species is the only member of the erytreae-group to have retained (or revertedto) the primitive condition of having spinules on the forewing membrane. It has the relativelylonger hindwing and low cu\ cell value of carvalhoi and capeneri and I regard it as thesister-species of this pair. AFROTROPICAL JUMPING PLANT LICE 43 The /itseae-group Very similar to the erytreae-group but body form and fore wings narrower, the hind tibia has twoinner apical spurs and the female anal pore has a single ring of wax-producing cells. Two veryclosely related species are included: litseae and xylopia. Host plants of both are in theAnnonales. Trioza xylopia sp. n. Trioza xylopiaTrioza xylopiaTriozaxylopia6766265 (Figs 131-134, 298,299) DESCRIPTION. Adult. Integument sparsely covered with very short setae. Head, in profile, almost at 90° tolongitudinal axis of body, in dorsal view about as wide as mesoscutum; occipital margin rounded; vertexrounded pentagonal, strongly rounded downwards, with a deep median suture on either side of which is anirregular concavity, lateral ocelli on outer sides of raised humps; median ocellus not visible from above, inanterior view frons completely covered by genae; genal cones well developed, downward pointing, conicalwith rounded apices; antenna! flagellum 1 -97-2-53 times longer than head width, a single rhinarium presentsubapically on flagellomeres 2, 4, 6, and 7, apical flagellomere bearing one long pointed and one shorttruncate seta terminally; clypeus with a pair of short setae, ultimate rostral segment with a pair of setae.Thorax strongly arched; pronotum visible from above, strongly rounded down behind occiput; mesopraes-cutum, in profile, angled down to pronotum, in dorsal view anterior margin strongly arcuate; forewingelongate oval, narrowing to a subacutangular apex, 2-94-3-43 times longer than wide, membrane withspinules in all cells apart from c+sc and rl5 radular areas narrow, veins bearing very short setae, R branchacutangular, M branching distal to Rs—Cuia line, Cu stem 1-78-2-17 times longer than Cwlb, m\ cell value1-09-1-38, cu\ cell value 1-73-2-19; forewing 1-54 times longer than hindwing, costal margin of hindwingwithout setae proximal to costal break, setae distal to costal break clearly divided into two groups. Hindcoxa with a well-developed meracanthus, without anterior lobe; hind tibia with 1-2 small basal spines andone outer and two inner apical spurs. Abdomen with setae on tergites 2-3 in cf and 3-4 in $; cf proctiger(Fig. 132) roundly expanded laterally, paramere and apical segment of aedeagus as in Figs 133, 134; $genital segment short, conical, ventral surface of ventral valve of ovipositor smooth. Measurements (7 cf, 6 $). Maximum width of head, cf 0-34-0-38, $ 0-36-0-41; length of antennalflagellum, cf 0-76-0-86, $ 0-75-0-84; length of ultimate rostral segment, cf 0-06-0-07, $ 0-07; length offorewing, cf 1-94-2-22, $ 2-34-2-59; length of hind tibia, cf 0-34-0-43, $ 0-41-0-44. Fifth instar larva (Figs 298, 299). Dorsal surface outline oval but with clear indentations at posteriormargin of eye and at base of abdomen, about 1-75 times longer than wide. Antenna with four flagello-meres. Cephaloprothorax separate from rest of thorax which is entire. Forewing pad about 0-6 mm long,humeral lobe weakly extended forward to just beyond posterior margin of eye. Caudal plate about 0-7times as long as wide; anus ventral, a short distance from posterior margin of caudal plate, anal pore area asin Fig. 299. Narrow tubular sectasetae forming an even and moderately dense marginal fringe, postoculartubular sectaseta present, sectasetae absent from dorsum. HOST PLANT. Larvae and adults swept from Xylopia sp. (Annonaceae); the larvae are apparentlyfree-living as no evidence of galls was observed. Holotype cf, Tanzania: E. Usambara Mtns, Amani Res. sta., c. 3,000', 19-27.vi.1974, Xylopia sp. (D.Hollis) (BMNH; dry mounted). Paratypes. Tanzania: 14 cf, 17 $, same data as holotype. Kenya: 1 cf, W. slope Mt Kenya, Naro Morulodge area, c. 6,500', 11-14.vii. 1974, Cussonia spicata (D. Hollis). (BMNH; slide and dry mounted.) Cussonia spicataCussonia spicataCussoniaspicata5832236 Cussonia spCussoniaCussoniasp COMMENTS. T. xylopia is very closely related to litseae and the two species can be separated onlyby the form of the 5th instar larvae (Figs 298-301). Both are similar to eafra (p. 42), in theerytreae-group, but have only two inner apical spurs on the hind tibia. T. xylopiaTanzania xylopiaT[anzania]xylopia Trioza litseae Bordage(Figs 300, 301) Trioza litseaeTrioza litseaeTriozalitseae6766246 Trioza litseae Bordage, 1898: 524; 1914: 409. Syntype[s] [? sex], REUNION: Litsea (Tetranthera) laurifolia Trioza litseaeTrioza litseaeTriozalitseae6766246 [not traced].Trioza eastopi Orian, 1972: 4. Holotype cf, MAURITIUS: Litsea glutinosa (BMNH) [examined]. Syn. n. Trioza eastopiTrioza eastopiTriozaeastopi6766232 Litsea glutinosaLitsea glutinosaLitseaglutinosa3479926 DESCRIPTION. Adult. Very similar to xylopia and, apart from its smaller size, not morphologically distinctfrom that species. 44 DAVID HOLLIS Measurements (5 cf, 8 9). Maximum width of head, cf 0-28-0-32, 9 0-30-0-34; length of antennalflagellum, cf 0-66-0-73, 9 0-61-0-70; length of ultimate rostral segment, cf 0-06-0-07, 9 0-07-0-08; lengthof forewing, cf 1-39-1-79, 9 1-78-2-06; length of hind tibia, cf 0-29-0-35, $ 0-31-0-36. Fifth instar larva (Figs 300, 301). Similar to xylopia but broader, about 1-5 times longer than wide indorsal view. Forewing pad about 0-5 mm long. Anus ventral and distant from posterior margin of caudalplate, anal pore area as in Fig. 301. Marginal setae consisting of a moderately dense fringe of broad tubularsectasetae of varying lengths; postocular tubular sectaseta present; dorsum with a sparse covering ofsectasetae. HOST PLANT. Larvae and adults collected from Litsea glutinosa [= L. laurifolia]; the larvaedamage the flower buds and flowers of the host; adults are also known to damage Vanilla. Litsea glutinosaLitsea glutinosaLitseaglutinosa3479926 L. laurifoliaLitsea laurifoliaL[itsea]laurifolia MATERIAL EXAMINED. Reunion (Litsea glutinosa); Mauritius (L. glutinosa and 'citrus'). Bor-dage's type-series was not traced and may have never been preserved. Orian's holotype andsome of the paratypes, which are slide-mounted, are damaged in that the gum mountant hasbecome opaque. Litsea glutinosaLitsea glutinosaLitseaglutinosa3479926 COMMENTS (see also p. 43). Orian (1972) regarded Trioza litseae Gd as a nomen dubium and Ihave not been able to trace this description. However, Bordage (1898) described the work of thisinsect so the name Trioza litseae Bordage, 1898, becomes available under Article 16 (a)(viii) ofthe Code. Trioza litseaeTrioza litseaeTriozalitseae6766246 The anomalicornis-group Defined by the form of the ovipositor (Fig. 138), otherwise the five included species, anomali-cornis, kakamegae, thibae, tavandula and luvandata, are similar to those of the erytreae-group.Two species are known to develop on Apodytes dimidiata (Icacinaceae). Apodytes dimidiataApodytes dimidiataApodytesdimidiata3449371 Trioza anomalicornis sp. n. Trioza anomalicornisTrioza anomalicornisTriozaanomalicornis6766218 (Figs 17,135-138) DESCRIPTION. Adult. Integument sparsely covered with long setae. In profile, head moderately depressedfrom longitudinal axis of body, in dorsal view almost as wide as mesoscutum; occipital margins rounded;vertex pentagonal, gently rounded downwards, median suture clearly defined, lateral concavities weak,lateral ocelli on outer sides of strongly raised humps, frontal lobes absent; median ocellus visible fromabove, frons completely covered by genae in anterior view; genal cones elongate conical, slender, withnarrowly rounded apices; antennal flagellum 1-84-2-0 times longer than head width, each flagellomerewith a pair of long setae apically, apart from apical flagellomere which bears one long pointed seta and onelarge campaniform sensillum apically (Fig. 17), a single rhinarium present subapically on flagellomeres 2,4,6 and 7; clypeus with one pair of setae, ultimate rostral segment densely setose. Thorax strongly arched;pronotum just visible from above, in profile strongly downcurved behind occiput and well below plane ofvertex and mesopraescutum; mesopraescutum, in profile, strongly rounded down to pronotum, in dorsalview its anterior margin narrowly arcuate; forewing elongate oval and narrowing to rounded acutangularapex, 2-88-3-12 times longer than wide, radular areas narrow elongate, remainder of membrane devoid ofspinules; veins bearing very short setae, R branch acutangular,' M branching distal to Rs—Cu^ line, Custem 2-81-3-94 times longer than Cwib, mt cell value 1-08-1-17, cui cell value 2-14-3-00; forewing1-88-1-98 times longer than hindwing, costal margin of hindwing with 1-2 setae proximal to costal break,setae distal to costal break clearly divided into two groups. Hind coxa with a well-developed meracanthusand without anterior lobe; hind tibia relatively long, 1-49-1-69 times longer than head width, with a pair ofsmall spines basally and one outer and three inner apical spurs, the middle spur of the inner trio being lessdeveloped than the remaining two. Abdomen with setae on tergite 3 in cf, and 4 in $; cf proctiger with agreatly expanded basal part (Fig. 135), para'mere and apical segment of aedeagus as in Figs 136, 137; 9genital segment (Fig. 138) short, truncate, ventral valve of ovipositor with saw-like teeth on ventral andlateral surfaces, posterior margin of subgenital plate deeply incised ventrally. Measurements (1 cf, 3 $). Maximum width of head, cf 0-38, 9 0-35-0-40; length of antennal flagellum,Cf 0-70, 9 0-70-0-76; length of ultimate rostral segment, cf and 9 0-09; length of forewing, cf 2-72, 92-94-3-05; length of hind tibia, cf 0-59, 9 0-59-0-60. Larva and host plant unknown. AFROTROPICAL JUMPING PLANT LICE 45 Holotype cf, Nigeria: Ibadan, Moor plntn, 25-26.xi. 1957, yellow tray (V. F. Eastop) (BMNH; slidemounted). Paratypes. Nigeria: 1 9, vi.1956 (V. F. Eastop); 1 9, v.1959; 1 $, 2.vi.l961 (F. A. Squire). Cameroun:1 9, Bamenda, l.ii.1957, yellow tray (V. F. Eastop). (BMNH; slide and dry mounted.) COMMENT. T. anomalicornis and the following four species described below seem to form anatural group, having a similarly derived ovipositor and a slightly thickened antennal flagellum.In other respects they resemble the erytreae-group. T. anomalicornis is easily distinguished by itsantennal structure, the relatively short hindwing, the elongate hind tibia, the form of the cfproctiger, paramere and apical aedeagal segment, and the deeply emarginate $ subgenitalplate. The remaining four species in the group can only be separated from one another on cfgenital characters. T. anomalicornisTrioza anomalicornisT[rioza]anomalicornis Trioza kakamegaesp. n. Trioza kakamegaeTrioza kakamegaeTriozakakamegae6766243 (Figs 139-141, 302, 303) DESCRIPTION. Adult. Integument sparsely covered with moderately long setae. In profile, head depressedfrom longitudinal axis of body, in dorsal view as wide as mesoscutum; occipital margins rounded; vertexpentagonal, rounded downwards, without frontal lobes, median suture clearly defined, lateral ocelli onouter sides of raised humps; median ocellus visible from above, frons completely covered by genae inanterior view; genal cones elongate conical, broad, with broadly rounded apices; antennal flagellum2-05-2-47 times longer than head width, each flagellomere with a pair of short setae apically apart fromapical flagellomere which bears a long pointed seta and a short truncate seta, a single rhinarium presentsubapically on flagellomeres 2,4, 6 and 7; clypeus with a pair of setae, ultimate rostral segment with a pairof setae. Thorax strongly arched; pronotum just visible from above, in profile strongly rounded downbehind occiput and well below plane of vertex and mesopraescutum; mesopraescutum with anteriormargin narrowly arcuate in dorsal view and strongly rounded down to pronotum in lateral view; forewingelongate oval, narrowing to rounded acutangular apex, 2-69-2-86 times longer than wide; Cu stem2-89-3-51 times longer than Cuib, ml cell value 1-18-1-29, cu^ cell value 1-74-2-48; forewing 1-55-1-65times longer than hindwing, costal margin of hindwing with 0-1 seta proximal to costal break, setae distal tocostal break clearly divided into two groups; hind coxa with a well-developed meracanthus and withoutanterior lobe; hind tibia 1-16-1-36 times longer than head width, with a pair of small basal spines, with oneouter and three inner apical spurs, latter of equal development. Abdomen with setae on tergite 3 in cf and 4in 9; basal part of cf proctiger (Fig. 139) weakly expanded, apical segment of aedeagus and paramere as inFigs 140,141; 9 genital segment short, truncate, posterior margin of subgenital plate truncate. Measurements (6 cf, 5 9). Maximum width of head, cf 0-34-0-42, 9 0-37-0-41; length of antennalflagellum, cf 0-83-0-99, $ 0-82-0-96; length of ultimate rostral segment, cf 0-09-0-10, 9 0-09-0-11; lengthof forewing, Cf 2-46-2-95, $ 2-78-3-18; length of hind tibia, cf 0-46-0-53, 9 0-45-0-51. Fifth instar larva (Figs 302, 303). Dorsal surface outline broadly oval, about 1-4 times longer than wide.Antenna with four flagellomeres. Cephaloprothorax separate from rest of thorax which is entire. Forewingpad about 0-75 mm long; humeral lobe extending forward in front of anterior margin of eye. Caudal plateabout 0-65 times as long as wide; anus ventral and distant from posterior margin of abdomen, anus and porering as in Fig. 303. Truncate tubular sectasetae forming an even dense marginal fringe; postocular setaabsent; sectasetae absent from dorsum. HOST PLANT. Larvae and adults swept from Apodytes dimidiata (Icacinaceae). Apodytes dimidiataApodytes dimidiataApodytesdimidiata3449371 Holotype cf, Kenya: Kakamega For. sta., c. 5,000', 18-19.vii.1974, Apodytes dimidiata (D. Hollis)(BMNH; dry mounted). Apodytes dimidiataApodytes dimidiataApodytesdimidiata3449371 Paratypes. Kenya: 6 cf, 5 $, larvae, same data as holotype; 1 $, 4.viii.l980 (Min. of Ag.); 3 cf, 6 $,Muguga, vi.1953; 1 cf, 1 9, vii.1954 (V. F. Eastop) (BMNH; slide and dry mounted.) Trioza thibae sp. n. Trioza thibaeTrioza thibaeTriozathibae6766263 (Figs 142-144) DESCRIPTION. Adult. Very similar to kakamegae. Differs in the shape of the cf proctiger, paramere andaedeagus (Figs 142-144).Measurements (3 cf, 3 9). Maximum width of head, cf 0-40-0-44, 9 0-41-0-44; length of antennal 46 DAVID HOLLIS flagellum, cf 0-94-1-05, 9 0-93-0-98; length of ultimate rostral segment, cf and $ 0-10; length of forewing,Cf 2-89-2-99, 9 3-11-3-28; length of hind tibia, cf 0-49-0-53, 9 0-50-0-52. Fifth instar larva. Very similar to kakamegae. Dorsal outline about 1-3 times longer than wide, forewingpad about 0-8 mm long, caudal plate about 0-6 times as long as wide. HOST PLANT. Larvae and adults swept from Apodytes dimidiata (Icacinaceae). Apodytes dimidiataApodytes dimidiataApodytesdimidiata3449371 Holotype d", Kenya, S. slope of Mt Kenya, Thiba camp, c. 6,000', 9-10.vii. 1974, Apodytes dimidiata (D.Hollis) (BMNH; slide mounted).Paratypes. 2 d", 4 $, larvae, same data as holotype (BMNH; slide and dry mounted). Apodytes dimidiataApodytes dimidiataApodytesdimidiata3449371 Trio/.ii tavandula sp. n. (Figs 145-147) DESCRIPTION. Adult. Very similar to kakamegae and thibae. Integument bearing much shorter hairs.Antennal flagellum 1-90-2-32 times longer than head width. Thorax less strongly arched, pronotum moreclearly visible from above, anterior margin of mesopraescutum less narrowly arcuate. Forewing 2-83-3-16times longer than wide; hind tibia 1-07-1-16 times longer than head width, d" proctiger, paramere andaedeagus as in Figs 145-147; 9 subgenital plate with obtusangular posterior margin. Measurements (6 d", 3 9)- Maximum width of head, d" 0-38-0-40, $ 0-40-0-42; length of antennalflagellum, cf 0-76-0-88, $ 0-83-0-92; length of ultimate rostral segment, d" and $ 0-09-0-10; length offorewing, d" 2-53-2-59, $ 2-77-3-03; length of hind tibia, cf 0-43-0-44, £ 0-44-0-48. Larva and host plant unknown. Holotype d", Angola: Tundavala, 8-10 mis NW. Sa da Bandeira, 27-29.iii. 1972, general sweeping (D.Hollis) (BMNH; dry mounted).Paratypes. Angola: 4 C?, same data as holotype; 7 cf, 6 $, 5.iii.1972 (BMNH; slide and dry mounted). Trio/a luvandata sp. n. (Figs 148-150) DESCRIPTION. Adult. Very similar to kakamegae and thibae. Differs in shape of cf paramere and aedeagus(Figs 148-150). Measurements (3 cf, 1 9)- Maximum width of head, d" 0-40-0-41, 9 0-40; length of antennal flagellum,d" (incomplete), $ 0-85; length of ultimate rostral segment, d" 0-08-0-10, 9 0-09; length of forewing, d"2-83-2-86, 9 2-75; length of hind tibia, d10-44-0-48, 9 0-44. Larva and host plant unknown. Holotype d", Angola: Tundavala, 9 mis NW. Sa da Bandeira, 5.iii.l972, swept (D. Hollis) (BMNH; slidemounted).Paratypes. 2 d", 1 9 > same data as holotype (BMNH; slide mounted). The neoboutonia-group Defined by the relatively short 3rd flagellomere and the presence of only two inner apical spurson the hind tibia. Females of this group show a tendency towards a reduction of the outer ring ofwax-producing cells around the anal pore. Six species are included: neoboutonia, harteni,chiangae, bamendae, dinaba and nachingweae. Known host plants are in the Euphorbiaceae andUapacaceae. Trioza neoboutonia sp. n. Trioza neoboutoniaTrioza neoboutoniaTriozaneoboutonia6766254 (Figs 14,151-155,304,305) DESCRIPTION. Adult. Integument sparsely covered with short setae. Head, in profile, moderately depressedfrom longitudinal axis of body, in dorsal view narrower than mesoscutum; occipital margin subangulardorsomedially, rounded dorsolaterally and laterally; vertex pentangular, with an irregular concavity oneither side of median suture, latter more strongly developed anteriorly, frontal lobes weakly developed;median ocellus just visible from above; frons completely covered by genae in anterior view; genal conesshort, conical, in lateral view their longitudinal axis slightly depressed from plane of vertex; clypeus with AFROTROPICAL JUMPING PLANT LICE 47 one pair of setae, ultimate rostral segment with two pairs of setae; antennal flagellum 1-95-2-12 timeslonger than head width, 3rd flagellomere very short, ratio of length of 2nd flagellomere to 3rd 1 -76-2-35, asingle rhinarium is present subapically on flagellomeres 2, 4, 6 and 7, apical flagellomere bearing one longpointed seta and one short truncate seta apically. Thorax moderately arched; pronotum clearly visible fromabove, its anterior margin strongly rounded down behind occiput; mesopraescutum about as long as wide,its anterior margin rounded; forewing elongate oval, narrowing to a rounded obtusangular apex, 2-7-2-91times longer than wide; radular areas narrow elongate triangular, remainder of membrane devoid ofspinules apart from a short narrow band at base of claval suture; veins bearing short setae, R branchacutangular, M branching distal to Rs-Cu^ line, Cu stem 1-63-1-84 times longer than C«lb, mt cell value1-13-1-23, cui cell value 1-61-1-91; forewing 1-5-1-62 times longer than hindwing, costal margin ofhind wing with 2-4 straight setae proximal to costal break, setae immediately distal to costal break absent,2-3 curved setae present immediately proximal to retinaculum; hind coxa with a well-developed meracan-thus, without anterior lobe; hind tibia relatively long, 1-37-1-48 times longer than head width, with awell-developed basal spine, with one outer and two inner spurs apically. Abdomen with setae on tergite 3 inCf and tergite 4 in $; (3" proctiger, paramere and aedeagus as in Figs 152-154; 9 genital segment (Fig. 155)short, triangular in profile, ovipositor valves smooth, apex of proctiger upcurved, subgenital plate weaklyserrate apicoventrally, anus with a single ring of wax-producing cells. Measurements (5 cf, 7 $). Maximum width of head, cf 0-40-0-42, 9 0-42-0-44; length of antennalflagellum, cf 0-83-0-87, $ 0-82-0-88; length of ultimate rostral segment, cf and 9 0-09-0-10; length offorewing, cf 2-53-2-75, £ 2-75-2-96; length of hind tibia, cf 0-56-0-62, $ 0-59-0-63. Fifth instar larva (Figs 304,305). Dorsal surface outline oval, about 1-5 times longer than wide. Antennawith 5-6 flagellomeres. Cephaloprothorax separate from rest of thorax which is entire. Forewing pad about0-65 mm long, humeral lobe extending forward to just behind anterior margin of eye. Caudal plate about0-65 times as long as wide, anus ventral and distant from posterior margin of abdomen, anal pore area as inFig. 305. Short, truncate, tubular sectasetae forming an even, dense marginal fringe; postocular setaabsent; sectasetae absent from dorsum. HOST PLANT. Larvae, which form pit galls on the lower surfaces of the leaves, and adults sweptfrom Neoboutonia sp. (Euphorbiaceae). Holotype cf, Tanzania: E. Usambara Mtns, Amani Res. sta., c. 3,000', 19-27.vi. 1974, Neoboutonia sp.(D. Hollis) (BMNH; dry mounted). Paratypes. Tanzania: 10 cf, 8 9, larvae, same data as holotype; 1 9, yellow tray (BMNH; slide and drymounted). COMMENTS. Within this species-group neoboutonia displays the most derived condition of headand thorax structure, wing venation and abdominal chaetotaxy. Of the three known larvae in thegroup, that of neoboutonia is the most highly evolved and adapted to living in a pit gall. Trioza hartenisp. n. (Figs 156-158, 306,307) DESCRIPTION (only slide-mounted material available for study). Adult. Integument sparsely covered withshort setae. Head, from above, narrower than mesoscutum; frons not visible in anterior view; genae short,broadly rounded; antennal flagellum 2-07-2-72 times longer than head width, 3rd flagellomere short, ratioof length of 2nd flagellomere to 3rd 1-45-1-97, a single rhinarium present subapically on flagellomeres 2,4,6, and 7, apical flagellomere bearing one long pointed seta and one short truncate seta apically; clypeuswith one pair of setae, ultimate rostral segment with one pair of setae. Pronotum strongly rounded downbehind occiput; mesopraescutum, from above, wider than long, its anterior margin broadly arcuate;forewing elongate oval, strongly narrowing to subangular apex, 2-62-2-84 times longer than wide, radularareas narrow elongate, remainder of membrane devoid of spinules; veins bearing short setae, R branchacutangular, M branching distal to Rs-Cuia line, Cu stem 1-13-1-48 times longer than Cwlb, rat cell value1-37-1-46, CM! cell value 1-48-1-91; forewing 1-75-1-86 times longer than hindwing, costal margin ofhindwing with up to four straight setae proximal to costal break, setae distal to costal break clearly dividedinto two groups; hind coxa with a well-developed meracanthus and without anterior lobe; hind tibiarelatively short, 1-19-1-25 times longer than head width, with a group of small spines basally, with 0-1outer and 1-2 (rarely 3) inner spurs apically. Abdomen with setae on tergites 3-8 in cf and 4-8 in 9; Cfproctiger with a moderately swollen basal part and a very short and narrow apical part, paramere as in Fig. 48 DAVID HOLLIS 157, apical part of aedeagus simple; 9 genital segment as in Fig. 158, ventral surface of ventral valve ofovipositor weakly serrate, outer ring of wax-producing cells around anus incomplete. Measurements (2 cf , 3 $). Maximum width of head, cf 0-57-0-59, 9 0-59-0-62; length of antennalflagellum, cf 1-48-1-55, 9 1-22-1-40; length of ultimate rostral segment, cf 0-10, 9 0-10-0-11; length offorewing, cf 3-99-4-07; 9 4-63^-73; length of hind tibia, cf 0-71-0-72, 9 0-70-0-75. Fifth instar larva (Figs 306, 307). Dorsal surface outline showing head, thorax and abdomen clearlydefined, about 1-6 times longer than wide. Antenna with seven flagellomeres. Cephaloprothorax,mesothorax and metathorax clearly defined. Forewing pad about 1-3 mm long, humeral lobe very weaklydeveloped and anterior margin of forewing pad reaching barely anterior to posterior margin of cephalo-prothorax. Basal two-thirds of abdomen not sclerotised, caudal plate about half as long as wide. Anusventral but close to posterior margin of abdomen, anal pore area as in Fig. 307. Marginal setae simple withsparsely scattered pointed sectasetae, anterior margin of Cephaloprothorax between eyes without secta-setae but with scattered lanceolate setae, four postocular pointed sectasetae present, sectasetae absentfrom dorsum. HOST PLANT. Larvae taken from large, enclosed galls on Uapaca nitida (Uapacaceae); adultsreared from these larvae (van Harten, pers. comm.). Uapaca nitidaUapaca nitidaUapacanitida5858496 Holotype cf , Angola: Chinaga, 19.x. 1970, galls of Uapaca nitida (A. van Harten) (BMNH; slide mounted).Paratypes. 1 cf , 3 $, larvae, same data as holotype (BMNH; slide mounted). Uapaca nitidaUapaca nitidaUapacanitida5858496 COMMENT. T. harteni displays primitive character states for the Cu stem and, therefore, a low cuicell value, and abdominal chaetotaxy. The larva is very non-triozid in general appearance butthis is almost certainly due to the fact that it develops in an enclosed gall. T. harteniTrioza harteniT[rioza]harteni Trioza chiangae sp. n. Trioza chiangaeTrioza chiangaeTriozachiangae6766229 (Figs 159-161, 308) DESCRIPTION (only slide-mounted material available for study). Adult. Very similar to harteni but smaller.Clypeus with a pair of short setae, ultimate rostral segment without setae. Forewing more elongate,2-87-3-18 times longer than wide, Cu stem 2-11-2-52 times longer than C«lb, mi cell value 1-41-1-65, cu\cell value 2-0-2-82; hind tibia relatively short, 1-07-1-21 times longer than head width. Abdomen withsetae on tergites 3-5 in cf and 9 ; cf paramere as in Fig. 160; 9 genital segment (Fig. 161) with ovipositorvalves smooth apically, anal pore with a double ring of wax-producing cells. Measurements (6 cf , 6 $). Maximum width of head, cf 0-37-0-39, $ 0-40-0-44; length of antennalflagellum, cf 0-86-0-93, $ 0-85-0-92; length of ultimate rostral segment, cf and $ 0-06-0-07; length offorewing, cf 2-41-2-56, £ 2-93-3-08; length of hind tibia, cf 0-41-0-46, $ 0-45-0-48. Fifth instar larva (Fig. 308). Very similar to harteni. About 1-8 times longer than wide; forewing padabout 0-7 mm long; caudal plate not at all developed; anal pore area damaged in specimens available butsimilar in shape and structure to harteni. Long and short, narrow conical sectasetae with truncate apicesforming a sparse marginal fringe, including anterior margin of Cephaloprothorax; five postocular sec-tasetae present; sectasetae absent from dorsum. HOST PLANT. Larvae and adults collected from Uapaca nitida (Uapacaceae); the larvae arefree-living among unfolded leaves on the growing points (A. van Harten, pers. comm.). Uapaca nitidaUapaca nitidaUapacanitida5858496 Holotype cf , Angola: Chianga, 12. ix. 1973, Uapaca nitida (A. van Harten) (BMNH; slide mounted).Paratypes. 5 cf , 6 9, larvae, same data as holotype (BMNH; slide mounted). Uapaca nitidaUapaca nitidaUapacanitida5858496 COMMENT. T. chiangae has a relatively long Cu stem and, therefore, a relatively higher cui cellvalue than harteni, but the chaetotaxy of the abdominal tergites is intermediate between harteniand neoboutonia. The free-living larva is relatively unmodified for a triozid. T. chiangaeTrioza chiangaeT[rioza]chiangae Trioza bamendae sp. n. Trioza bamendaeTrioza bamendaeTriozabamendae6766220 (Figs 162-164) DESCRIPTION. Adult. Integument very sparsely covered with short setae. Head, in profile, very slightlydepressed from longitudinal axis of body, from above at least as wide as mesoscutum; occipital margindeeply notched medially; vertex in same plane as thorax, median suture shallow, with a secondary furrowon either side originating from a point just above median ocellus and extending back diagonally to occipital AFROTROPICAL JUMPING PLANT LICE 49 margin, frontal lobes well developed, their anterior margins arcuate; median ocellus visible from above,frons not visible in anterior view; genal cones well developed, broadly conoid, in profile slightly depressedfrom plane of vertex; antennal flagellum 1-22-1-40 times longer than head width, ratio of length of 2ndflagellomere to 3rd 2-18-3-39, a double rhinarium present subapically on 2nd flagellomere and a singlerhinarium present subapically on flagellomeres 4,6, and 7, apical flagellomere with one long seta and a veryshort truncate seta apically; clypeus with a pair of setae, ultimate rostral segment with a pair of setae.Thorax flattened; pronotum mostly flat with only anterior margin sharply downcurved behind occiput;mesopraescutum, from above, longer than wide, with broadly rounded anterior margin; forewing elongateelipsoid, strongly narrowing distally to rounded acutangular apex, 3-12-3-50 times longer than wide,membrane devoid of spinules apart from narrow radular areas; veins almost devoid of setae, R branchacutangular, M branching distal to Rs—Cuia line, Cu stem 1-42-2-58 times longer than Cwlb, mi cell value1-00-1-27, cu\ cell value 2-03-3-22; forewing 1-73-1-93 times longer than hindwing, costal margin ofhindwing with up to two setae proximal to costal break and with at most one seta distal to costal break; hindcoxa with a well-developed meracanthus and without anterior lobe; hind tibia with 1-2 small conoid spinesbasally, and one outer and two inner apical spurs. Abdomen with setae on tergite 3 in cf and 4 in $; cfproctiger, paramere and aedeagus as in Figs 162-164; $ genital segment short, conoid, anus with a singlering of wax-producing cells, ventral valve of ovipositor with three transverse ridges on ventrolateralsurface. Measurements (6 cf, 7 $). Maximum width of head, cf 0-30-0-34, $ 0-31-0-34; length of antennalflagellum, cf 0-39-0-44, $ 0-39-0-46; length of ultimate rostral segment, cf 0-05, $ 0-05-0-06; length offorewing, cf 1-84-2-08, $ 2-12-2-35; length of hind tibia, cf 0-45-0-50, $ 0-43-0-50. Larva and host plant unknown. Holotype cf, Cameroun: Bamenda, 20-24.i.1957, yellow tray (V. F. Eastop) (BMNH; slide mounted). Paratypes. Cameroun: 3 cf, 7 $, same data as holotype; 2 cf, 2 $, 25-31.i.l957; 1 cf, 1 $, l.ii.1957; 1 $,6.H.1957 (BMNH; slide and dry mounted). COMMENT. T. bamendae and the following species are regarded as sister-species as both share theunique character of the double rhinarium on the 2nd flagellomere (Fig. 25). T. bamendaeTrioza bamendaeT[rioza]bamendae Trio/.u dinaba sp. n. (Figs 16, 25,165-168) DESCRIPTION. Adult. Very similar to bamendae. Secondary diagonal furrows on vertex much less welldefined, frontal lobes broad; antennal flagellum 1-22-1-59 times longer than head width, ratio of length of2nd flagellomere to 3rd 1-61-3-5, 2nd flagellomere as in Fig. 25. Forewing 2-93-3-38 times longer thanwide; Cu stem branching from R+M+Cu proximally to branch of R stem, 2-81-4-67 times longer thanCwlb, m\ cell value 1-06-1-29, cui cell value 2-31-4-0. cf proctiger, paramere and aedeagus as in Figs166-168; anus of 9 with an incomplete double ring of wax-producing cells. Measurements (10 cf, 10 $). Maximum width of head, cf 0-32-0-34, $ 0-32-0-36; length of antennalflagellum, cf 0-46-0-51, $ 0-43-0-50; length of ultimate rostral segment, cf and $ 0-06-0-07; length offorewing, cf 2-08-2-32, $ 2-30-2-70; length of hind tibia, cf 0-45-0-50, $ 0-44-0-51. Larva and host plant unknown. Holotype cf, Nigeria: Ibadan, Moor plntn, ll.viii.1956, yellow tray (V. F. Eastop) (BMNH; slidemounted). Paratypes. Nigeria: 9 cf, 11 $, same data as holotype; 1 cf, vi.1956; 1 cf, Umuahia, Umudike,28.viii.1958. Ghana: 2 cT, 2 $, Tafo, 15.V.1956, yellow tray (V. F. Eastop). Zaire ['Congo Beige']: 1 $,P.N.G., Miss, de Saeger, II/fd/5, 10.ix.1951; 1 cf II/fd/17, 9.vii.l952 (H. de Saeger). (BMNH; MRAC;slide and dry mounted.) Non-paratypic material. Uganda: 1 $, Jinja, xii.1954-ii.1955, U.V. lamp (P. S. Corbetf) (BMNH); slidemounted. This specimen differs from the type-series in having a triple rhinarium present apically on the 2ndflagellomere. Trioza nachingweae sp. n. Trioza nachingweaeTrioza nachingweaeTriozanachingweae6766253 (Figs 169-172) DESCRIPTION (only slide-mounted material available for study). Adult. Very similar in general appearancetofuscivena (p. 61) but smaller. Antennal flagellum shorter, 1-03-1-40 times longer than head width, ratio 50 DAVID HOLLIS of length of 2nd flagellomere to 3rd 1-82-2-67; ultimate rostral segment relatively longer. Forewing(Fig. 169) 2-74-3-12 times longer than wide, veins sparsely clothed with very short setae, Custem 1-59-2-65times longer than Cwlb, mi cell value 1-10-1-28, cu{ cell value 1-59-2-50; forewing 1-54-1-58 times longerthan hindwing; hind tibia with one outer and two inner apical spurs, of which the second inner spur is weakand difficult to see. cf proctiger narrow, tubular, paramere and aedeagus as in Figs 170, 171; $ genitalsegment (Fig. 172) elongate triangular in profile, anus with a single ring of wax-producing cells, subgenitalplate with acutangular posterior margin. Measurements (6 cT, 3 $). Maximum width of head, cf 0-34-0-36, $ 0-37-0-40; length of antennalflagellum, cf 0-42-0-49, $ 0-38; length of ultimate rostral segment, cf 0-08-0-09, $ 0-09-0-10; length offorewing, cf 1-78-1-92, $ 2-18-2-30; length of hind tibia, cf 0-47-0-50, $ 0-51-0-53. Larva and host plant unknown. Holotype cf, Tanzania: Nachingwea, xi.1953-iii.1954, trapped (V. F. Eastop) (BMNH; slide mounted). Paratypes. Tanzania: 6 cT, 3 $, same data as holotype; 1 Cf, 1 $, x.l953-ii.!954. (BMNH; slidemounted.) COMMENTS. T. nachingeae is distinguished from other members of the neuboutonia-group by thepresence of brown pigmentation along the course of R and RI and at the bases of M and Cu onthe forewing. This feature has apparently arisen independently in many groups of triozids. The Aargreavesi-group Defined by the extraordinary development of supplementary antennal rhinaria which haveassociated bulbous or mushroom-shaped sensilla (Figs 22, 23). Two species, hargreavesi andmirificornis, are included. Larvae and host plants are not known but original collection datasuggest that the larvae of both species form pit galls on a forest climbing plant. Trioza hargreavesi sp. n. Trioza hargreavesiTrioza hargreavesiTriozahargreavesi6766241 (Figs 22,173-175) DESCRIPTION. Adult. Integument densely covered with short setae. Head, in profile, almost at 90° tolongitudinal axis of body, in dorsal view slightly narrower than mesoscutum; occipital margin sharpdorsomedially; vertex pentagonal, rounded downwards, with a deep irregular concavity on either side ofmedian suture which is deep and well defined, frontal lobes not developed; median ocellus visible fromabove, frons just visible between genae in anterior view; genal cones small, rounded; antennal flagellumapproximately 1-8 times longer than head width (no complete antennae in type-series), with a singlerhinarium subapically on flagellomeres 2, 4, 6 and 7, 1st flagellomere with 30-35 rhinaria along its length(Fig. 22), each bearing a small mushroom-shaped sensillum; clypeus with a pair of setae, ultimate rostralsegment with at least four pairs of setae. Thorax, in profile, strongly arched; pronotum, from above, hardlyvisible, in profile strongly rounded down behind occiput; mesopraescutum, from above, longer than wide,its anterior margin strongly arcuate and, in profile, strongly angled down to pronotum; forewing elongateoval, narrowing to rounded obtusangular apex, 2-36-2-45 times longer than wide, radular areas narrow andelongate, remainder of membrane devoid of spinules; veins bearing short setae, R branch acutangular, Mbranching distal to Rs—Cuia line, Cu stem 1-24-1-72 times longer than Cwlb, m\ cell value 1-32-1 -6, cu^ cellvalue 1-78-1-98; forewing 1-66-1-77 times longer than hindwing, costal margin of hindwing with 0-2 setaeproximal to costal break, setae distal to costal break clearly divided into two groups; hind coxa with awell-developed meracanthus and without anterior lobe; hind tibia with 2-4 small spines basally and withone outer and two inner apical spurs. Abdomen with setae on tergite 3 or 3 and 4 in cf, and on 4 or 4 and 5 in$; Cf proctiger with weak lateral expansions, paramere and aedeagus as in Figs 174,175; $ genital segmentshort, conical, ventral valves of ovipositor regularly saw-toothed on ventral and lateral surfaces in apicalhalf, subgenital plate short and with truncate posterior margin. Measurements (5 cf, 5 $). Maximum width of head, cf 0-65-0-74, $ 0-69-0-76; length of antennalflagellum, $ 1-25 (approx.); length of ultimate rostral segment, cf and $ 0-13-0-16; length of forewing, cf4-45-5-02, $ 5-02-5-42; length of hind tibia, cf 0-72-0-81, $ 0-81-0-84. Larva and host plant unknown. (A label in the original tube containing the type-series from Ugandastated 'nymphs in pits in leaf of forest climber' but no larvae were present.) Holotype cf, Uganda: F. Kawanda, 14.ii.1940, nymphs in pits in leaf of forest climber (H. Hargreaves)(BMNH; slide mounted). AFROTROPICAL JUMPING PLANT LICE 51 Paratypes. Uganda: 8 cf, 6 9, same data as holotype. Nigeria: 1 $, NE. State, Ngel Nyaki, 31.iii.1970,5,000'; 1 $, K[wara] State, 20 mis W. Lokaja, 21.iii.1970; 1 $, SE. State, Obudu CR, 21.iii.1971 (/. T.Medler). (BMNH; slide and dry mounted, and stored in 80% ethanol.) COMMENTS. T. hargreavesi and mirificornis are grouped together as sister-species because theyboth share the extraordinary development of multiple supplementary rhinaria on the antennalflagellum. At present I can find no further derived characters relating this group with otherspecies in the genus. T. hargreavesiTrioza hargreavesiT[rioza]hargreavesi Trioza mirificornis sp. n. Trioza mirificornisTrioza mirificornisTriozamirificornis6766252 (Figs 23,176,177) DESCRIPTION. Adult. Very similar to hargreavesi but smaller. Flagellomeres 1-7 bearing many rhinaria,each rhinarium bearing a bulbous sensillum (Fig. 23), 1st flagellomere with about 60 rhinaria, 2nd with18-25, 3rd with 7-15, 4th with 5-20, 5th with about 11, 6th with about seven, and 7th with one, apicalflagellomere with a long pointed seta and a short truncate seta apically; ultimate rostral segment with a pairof setae. Pronotum more clearly visible from above, anterior margin of mesopraescutum less stronglyarcuate and less pushed forward, rounded down to pronotum; forewing narrower, 2-51-2-7 times longerthan wide, Cu stem 1-70-2-32 times longer than C«ib, mi cell value 1-13-1-29, cu\ cell value 1-75-2-36;forewing 1-56-1-64 times longer than hindwing. cf paramere and aedeagus as in Figs 176,177; $ subgenitalplate with acutangular posterior margin, ventral valves of ovipositor smooth. Measurements (7 cf, 4 $). Maximum width of head, cf 0-47-0-55, $ 0-51-0-60; length of antennalflagellum, cf 0-84 (only one complete specimen); length of ultimate rostral segment, cf and $ 0-08-0-10;length of forewing, cf 3-21-3-83, $ 4-17^-53; length of hind tibia, cf 0-54-0-65, $ 0-66-0-67. Larva and host plant unknown. (The Uganda type-material of this species was found in the BMNHbearing similar data relating to larvae as the previous species.) Holotype cf, Uganda: F. Kawanda, 24.x. 1939, nymphs in pits in leaf of forest climber (H. Hargreaves)(BMNH; slide mounted). Paratypes. Uganda: 16 cf, 25 9, same data as holotype. Cameroun: 1 9, Bamenda, 6.ii.l957, yellow tray(V. F. Eastop). (BMNH; slide mounted and stored in 80% ethanol.) The obsoleta-group A poorly defined group in which the species usually have greatly reduced hindwings, well-developed anterior lobes on the hind coxae and two inner apical spurs on the hind tibia. FiveAfrotropical species are included: afrobsoleta, gonjae, boxi, afrosersalisia and mimusops, thelatter two only tentatively. All five species have host plants in the Sapotinae (Ebenaceae andSapotaceae). Another Afrotropical member of this group is represented in BMNH by fivespecimens, which are too badly damaged for description, standing under a Heslop-Harrisonmanuscript name. A North American species, T. diospyri (Ashmead, 1881), is also known to develop onDiospyros. Although this species shows a general resemblance to those of the obsoleta-gToupand in particular to gonjae and boxi, its hindwings are more normally developed. It mayrepresent the sister-species of the Old World group. T. diospyriThe diospyriT[he]diospyri Trioza obsoleta (Buckton, 1900), described from India, and Megatrioza swezeyi Crawford,1927, described from Samoa, clearly belong to this group; the South East Asian species Triozaasiatica Crawford, 1915 and Megatrioza magnicauda Crawford, 1919 probably belong here, but Ihave no material for examination. Trioza diptera Crawford, 1919, from Singapore, also hascompletely reduced hindwings but, from its description, this species appears to be more closelyrelated to Leptynoptera sulfurea Crawford and both develop on Calophyllum inophyllum(Guttiferae). Leptynoptera sulfureaLeptynoptera sulfureaLeptynopterasulfurea2725008 Trioza obsoletaTrioza obsoletaTriozaobsoleta6456000 Megatrioza swezeyiMegatrioza swezeyiMegatriozaswezeyi6083733 Megatrioza magnicaudaMegatrioza magnicaudaMegatriozamagnicauda Trioza dipteraTrioza dipteraTriozadiptera6455998 Calophyllum inophyllumCalophyllum inophyllumCalophylluminophyllum2665909 Earlier authors almost certainly would have placed all these species in Megatrioza but as Ihave not examined the type-species, M. armata Crawford, I am not sure of the status of thegenus. M. armataMegatrioza armataM[egatrioza]armata 52 DAVID HOLLIS Trioza afrobsoleta sp. n. Trioza afrobsoletaTrioza afrobsoletaTriozaafrobsoleta6766216 (Figs 13,178-182)Tsyllidengalle'; Diospyros mespiliformis; Riibsaamen, 1899: 271 (Eritrea [series not traced].) Diospyros mespiliformisDiospyros mespiliformisDiospyrosmespiliformis3420893 DESCRIPTION. Adult. Integument shiny, sparsely covered with short setae. Head, in profile, stronglydepressed from longitudinal axis of body, in dorsal view as wide as mesoscutum; occipital margin sharp;vertex pentagonal, rounded downwards, lateral concavities displaced posteriorly to occipital margin andgreatly reduced, median suture weak; median ocellus hardly visible in dorsal view, frons small but visiblebetween bases of genal cones in anterior view; genal cones in parallel plane to vertex, short, broadlyrounded apically; antennal flagellum 1-66-1-94 times longer than head width in cf and 1-44-1-77 timeslonger in $, a single rhinarium present subapically on flagellomeres 2,4,6 and 7, apical flagellomere withtwo long setae apically; clypeus with a pair of setae, ultimate rostral segment with a pair of setae. Thorax, inprofile, moderately arched; pronotum hardly visible from above, strongly downcurved behind occiput;mesopraescutum, in profile, strongly rounded down to pronotum, in dorsal view with arcuate anteriormargin; forewing elongate oval, narrowing to a rounded obtusangular apex, 2-46-2-87 times longer thanwide, radular areas very narrow and attenuate, remainder of membrane devoid of spinules, veins bearingshort setae, R branch obtusangular, M branching at or slightly distal to Rs—C«la line, Cu stem 2-0-2-7times longer than Cwlb, mt cell value 1-97-2-41, cu^ cell value 1 -42-2-05, claval suture reaching hind marginof wing very close to wing base; hindwing (Fig. 179) greatly reduced, scale-like, costal margin bearing oneseta proximal to costal break, setae distal to costal break clearly divided into two groups; hind coxa with awell-developed meracanthus and a moderately long anterior lobe; hind tibia with a group of 3-4 smallpointed tubercles basally, with one outer and two inner apical spurs. Abdomen with setae on tergites 3-7 inO" and 4-8 in $; cf proctiger, paramere and aedeagus as in Figs 180-182; $ genital segment short, conical,ovipositor valves smooth. Measurements (16 cf, 10 $). Maximum width of head, cf 0-42-0-56, $ 0-48-0-54; length of antennalflagellum, cf 0-74-0-93, $ 0-75-0-88; length of ultimate rostral segment, cf and 9 0-09-0-15; length offorewing, cf 2-75-3-79, $ 3-01-3-93; length of hind tibia, cf 0-59-0-78, $ 0-65-0-79. Fifth instar larva. Dorsal surface outline almost circular, about 1 • 1 times longer than wide. Antenna withsix flagellomeres. Cephaloprothorax incompletely separated from rest of thorax which is entire. Forewingpad about 0-9 mm long, humeral lobe extending well forward of anterior margin of eye, hindwing padgreatly reduced and without sectasetae on lateral margin. Caudal plate about twice as wide as long, anusventral and distant from posterior margin of abdomen. Truncate tubular sectasetae forming an even, densemarginal fringe, marginal sectasetae on cephaloprothorax longer than those on forewing pad andabdomen, postocular seta absent, sectasetae absent from dorsum. HOST PLANT. Larvae, which form pit galls on the lower leaf surface, and adults collected fromDiospyros mespiliformis (Ebenaceae). Diospyros mespiliformisDiospyros mespiliformisDiospyrosmespiliformis3420893 Holotype cf, Angola: Rocadas, R. Cunene, 19-22.ii. 1972, Diospyros mespiliformis (D. Hollis) (BMNH;dry mounted). Diospyros mespiliformisDiospyros mespiliformisDiospyrosmespiliformis3420893 Paratypes. Angola: 11 cf, 18 <j>, same data as holotype; 17 cf, 12 $, 3 mis N. Santa Clara,30.iii.-l.iv.1972; 1 $, Bruco, 26-29.ii. 1972, swept in riverine forest area (D. Hollis). Tanzania: 9 cf, 5 $,Nachingwea, x.l953-iii.!954, trapped (V. F. Eastop). Sudan: larvae, SW. side Jebel Marra, Wadi Golol,l.v.1981, Diospyros mespiliformis; 1 cf, swept, 28.iv.1981 (J. H. Martin). Nigeria: 1 cf, Bunga, 20.X.1956,Salix ledermanni (V. F. Eastop); 2 cf, Ibadan, 4.vi.l961, yellow tray; 1 cf, 2 $, 5-19.iv.1963; 1 cf,2.V.1963; 5 cf, 8 $, 3-9.iv.1964 (F. A. Squire); 1 $, B.P. State, Gindiri, 28.X.1968 (J. T. Medler); 1 cf,Zaria, Samaru, 24.xi.1970 (/. C. Deeming); 1 $, Lagos, Ikoyi, 7.iii.l975, at light (M. A. Comes). Ghana:1 $,Tafo,29.v.l957(V. F. Eastop). Ivory Coast: 2 cf, 1 ?, lO.iv. 1969 (A. Pollet). (BMNH; MNHN; slideand dry mounted and stored in 80% ethanol.) Diospyros mespiliformisDiospyros mespiliformisDiospyrosmespiliformis3420893 Salix ledermanniSalix ledermanniSalixledermanni COMMENTS. This species is very closely related to T. obsoleta (Buckton, 1900) which is knownfrom India and Ceylon on Diospyros melanoxylon and D. tomentosa. The Indian species differsin having a longer and slightly sinuous Rs, and the paramere has two sclerotised teeth apicallyinstead of the transverse ridge as found in the Africa species. This latter point of difference,although slight, appears very consistent in all specimens examined. T. afrobsoleta showsconsiderable variation in the length of the ultimate rostral segment through its geographicalrange, that of specimens from Angola and Tanzania being relatively longer than in specimensfrom Sudan and West Africa. T. obsoletaTanzania obsoletaT[anzania]obsoleta D. tomentosaDiospyros tomentosaD[iospyros]tomentosa T. afrobsoletaTrioza afrobsoletaT[rioza]afrobsoleta AFROTROPICAL JUMPING PLANT LICE 53 Trioza gonjae sp. n. Trioza gonjaeTrioza gonjaeTriozagonjae6766238 (Figs 38, 47,183-187, 309, 310) DESCRIPTION. Adult. Integument sparsely covered with long setae (Fig. 38). Longitudinal axis of head andbody in one plane; head, from above, almost as wide as mesoscutum; occipital margin sharp; vertexpentagonal, with an irregular concavity on either side of a well-defined median suture; median ocellusvisible from above, frons not visible between genae; genal cones well developed, elongate conical withrounded apices, densely setose, in profile their longitudinal axis is slightly inclined upwards from that ofvertex, in dorsal view cones slightly convergent apically; antennal flagellum 1-87-2-00 times longer thanhead width in cf and 1-68-1 -78 times longer in $, a single rhinarium present subapically on flagellomeres 2,4, 6, and 7, apical flagellomere with a long pointed seta and a short truncate seta apically; clypeusprominent, with a pair of setae, ultimate rostral segment with two pairs of setae. Thorax, in profile, weaklyarched; pronotum narrow and inclined vertically down behind occiput, just visible in dorsal view;mesopraescutum, from above, longer than wide and with a subangular anterior margin, in profile anteriormargin angularly bent down to pronotum; forewing elongate oval, strongly narrowing to acutangular apex,2-98-3-29 times longer than wide, radular areas narrow, remainder of membrane devoid of spinules; veinsbearing a few long setae in proximal third of wing, R branch a right-angle, M branching proximal toRs-Cu^ line, Cu stem 2-36-3-21 times longer than Cwlb, raj cell value 1-91-2-08, c«i cell value 1-96-2-63;hindwing greatly reduced and scale-like (Fig. 184); hind coxa (Fig. 47) with a well-developed meracanthusand a well-developed anterior lobe; hind tibia with a group of small pointed tubercles basally and one outerand two or three inner spurs apically. Abdomen with setae on tergites 3-7 in cf and 4 and 6-8 in $; cfproctiger, paramere and aedeagus as in Figs 185-187; $ genital segment conical, dorsal surface of dorsalvalve of ovipositor finely serrate apically. Measurements (5 cf, 4 $). Maximum width of head, cf 0-46-0-48, $ 0-47-0-51; length of antennalflagellum, cf 0-88-0-94, $ 0-81-0-91; length of ultimate rostral segment, cf 0-12-0-13, $ 0-12-0-15; lengthof forewing, cf 3-73-3-89, $ 4-01^-37; length of hind tibia, cf 0-70-0-77, $ 0-71-0-78. Fifth instar larva (Figs 309, 310). Dorsal surface outline elongate oval with clear indentations at anteriormargin of eye and at base of abdomen, about 1-7 times longer than wide. Antenna 3-segmented (flagellumnot divided). Cephaloprothorax separate from rest of thorax which is entire but does show partialseparation of prothoracic sclerite (Fig. 309). Forewing pad about 0-9 mm long, humeral lobe extendingalmost to anterior margin of eye. Caudal plate about 0-75 times as long as wide, anus ventral and close toposterior margin of abdomen, anal pore area as in Fig. 310. Truncate tubular sectasetae of varying lengthsforming a dense marginal fringe, a pointed postocular sectaseta or lanceolate seta present, dorsum bearinga sparse covering of tubular sectasetae. HOST PLANT. Larvae and adults swept from Diospyros squarrosus (Ebenaceae); no galling of thehost plant was observed and the larvae are apparently free-living. Diospyros squarrosusDiospyros squarrosusDiospyrossquarrosus Holotype cf, Tanzania: S. Pare Mtns, hillside above Gonja, c. 3,000', 12-16.vi. 1974, Diospyros squarro-sus (D. Hollis} (BMNH; dry mounted). Paratypes. Tanzania: 11 cf, 10 $, larvae, same data as holotype; 1 $, ArushaNP,Ngurdoto Crater rim,c. 5,000', 8.vi.l974 (D. Hollis}. (BMNH; slide and dry mounted.) Trioza boxisp. n. Trioza boxiTrioza boxiTriozaboxi6766223 (Figs 188,189,311,312) DESCRIPTION. Adult. Similar to gonjae. Differs in that vertex has a longitudinal concavity on either side ofmedian suture; genal cones subconical with broadly rounded apices which are not convergent; ultimaterostral segment shorter and with only one pair of setae. Forewing 2-95-2-99 times longer than wide;proximal part of c+sc and cu2 cells with brown pigmentation and membrane with a few scattered spinules inthis area; Cu stem 2-45-2-52 times longer than C«lb, rat cell value 1-72-1-74, cu{ cell value 2-9-3-0;hindwing (Fig. 189) greatly reduced and scale-like, cf proctiger less extended laterally; dorsal surface ofdorsal valve of ovipositor smooth. Measurements (1 cf, 1 $). Maximum width of head, cf and $ 0-58; length of antennal flagellum, $ 1-03;length of ultimate rostral segment, cf and $ 0-1; length of fore wing, cf 5-29, $ 5-35; length of hind tibia, cf0-88,90-85. Fifth instar larva (Figs 311, 312). Very similar to gonjae. Dorsal surface outline less elongate, about 1-5times longer than wide. Forewing pad about 1-5 mm long, humeral lobe extending forward just in front ofanterior margin of eye. Caudal plate about 0-7 times as long as wide, anal pore area as in Fig. 312. Truncate 54 DAVID HOLLIS tubular sectasetae forming an even, dense marginal fringe, lanceolate postocular seta present, dorsalsurface devoid of sectasetae. HOST PLANT. Adults and larvae, collected on separate occasions, from Diospyros canaliculata[=xanthochlamys] (Ebenaceae). Diospyros canaliculataDiospyros canaliculataDiospyroscanaliculata9427135 Holotype cf, Ghana: 'Gold Coast, Bunsu, 7.vii.l943, Diospyros xanthochlamys" (H. E. Box) (BMNH;slide mounted).Paratypes. Ghana: 2 9> same data as holotype; larvae, 15.i.1943. (BMNH; slide and dry mounted.) Diospyros xanthochlamysDiospyros xanthochlamysDiospyrosxanthochlamys9003875 Trioza afrosersalisia sp. n. Trioza afrosersalisiaTrioza afrosersalisiaTriozaafrosersalisia6766217 (Figs 190-193, 313, 314) DESCRIPTION. Adult. Integument sparsely covered with long setae. Head, in profile, slightly depressedfrom longitudinal axis of body, from above slightly narrower than mesoscutum; occipital margin sharp;vertex oval, evenly and smoothly concave and surrounded by a sharp, finely serrate ridge, integumentwithin this depression shiny and devoid of setae, median suture just indicated; median ocellus just visiblefrom above, frons completely covered by genae; genal cones moderately developed, conical, extendingforward in parallel plane to vertex; antennal flagellum 1-75-2-00 times longer than head width, a singlerhinarium present subapically on flagellomeres 2, 4, 6, and 7, apical flagellomere with one short truncateseta and one very short truncate seta apically; clypeus with a pair of setae, ultimate rostral segment withtwo pairs of setae. Thorax, in profile, weakly arched; pronotum hardly visible from above, in profilestrongly rounded down behind occiput; mesopraescutum, in dorsal view, as long as wide and with anarrowly arcuate anterior margin, in profile strongly angled down to pronotum; forewing elongate oval,strongly narrowing to angular apex, 2-72-2-93 times longer than wide, radular areas very narrow,remainder of membrane devoid of spinules; veins bearing long setae in proximal half of wing, R branchacutangular, M branching at Rs—C«la line, Cu stem 3-29-4-38 times longer than Cwlb, m\ cell value1-77-2-07, cu\ cell value 2-47-3-38; forewing 2-14-2-32 times longer than hindwing, costal margin ofhindwing with 4-5 setae proximal to costal break, setae distal to costal break clearly divided into twogroups; hind coxa with a well-developed meracanthus and an incipient anterior lobe; hind tibia without orwith a very small basal spine, with one outer and two inner apical spurs. Abdominal tergites without setae;Cf proctiger, paramere and aedeagus as in Figs 191-193; 9 genital segment short, conical, ovipositor valvessmooth. Measurements (7 cf, 4 $). Maximum width of head, cf 0-48-0-52, $ 0-49-0-54; length of antennalflagellum, cf 0-93-1-04, $ 0-86-1-01; length of ultimate rostral segment, cf 0-08-0-10, $ 0-10; length offorewing, Cf 3-40-3-71, $ 3-61^4-13; length of hind tibia, cf 0-70-0-73, $ 0-66-0-73. Fifth instar larvae (Figs 313, 314). Dorsal surface outline oval, about 1-4 times longer than wide.Antenna with five flagellomeres. Cephaloprothorax separate from rest of thorax which is entire. Forewingpad about 1 -0 mm long, humeral lobe extending well forward of anterior margin of eye. Caudal plate about0-6 times as long as wide, anus ventral and distant from posterior margin of abdomen, anal pore area as inFig. 314. Truncate tubular sectasetae forming an even, dense marginal fringe, postocular seta absent,sectasetae absent from dorsum. HOST PLANT. Larvae and adults collected from Afrosersalisia sp. (Sapotaceae); galling of the hostplant was not noticed at the time the series, including the holotype, was collected. Holotype cf, Tanzania: E. Usambara Mtns, Amani Res. sta., c. 3,000', 19-27.vi. 1974, Afrosersalisia sp.(D. Hollis) (BMNH; dry mounted). Paratypes. Tanzania: 20 cf, 11 $, larvae, same data as holotype. South Africa: 1 $, C.P., Mossel Bay,ix.1921; 1 Cf, 3 $, vi.-vii.1930 (R. E. Turner). (BMNH; slide and dry mounted.) COMMENTS. T. afrosersalisia may be readily distinguished from other Afrotropical Trioza speciesby the peculiar form of the vertex. The species is tentatively placed in the obsoleta-groupbecause of its reduced hindwings and the presence of an incipient anterior lobe on the hind coxa.Furthermore the host plant is related to Diospyros. T. afrosersalisiaTrioza afrosersalisiaT[rioza]afrosersalisia Trioza mimusops sp. n. Trioza mimusopsTrioza mimusopsTriozamimusops6766251 (Figs 194-197, 315,316)DESCRIPTION. Adult. Integument sparsely covered with long setae. Head, in profile, moderately depressed AFROTROPICAL JUMPING PLANT LICE 55 from longitudinal axis of body, from above narrower than mesoscutum; occipital margin sharp; vertexrounded rectangular, with a concavity on either side of median suture which is clearly defined, frontal lobesnot developed but a low transverse ridge is present; median ocellus clearly visible from above, fronscompletely covered by genae in anterior view; genal cones well developed, rounded conical, in profile inparallel plane to vertex; antennal flagellum 1-54-1-83 times longer than head width, a single rhinariumpresent subapically on flagellomeres 2,4,6 and 7, apical flagellomere with one short and one very short setaapically, both of which are truncate; clypeus with a pair of setae, ultimate rostral segment with two pairs ofsetae. Thorax, in profile, moderately arched; pronotum clearly visible from above, only its anterior margindowncurved behind occiput; mesopraescutum, from above, wider than long, its anterior margin arcuate, inprofile gently rounded down to pronotum; forewing elongate oval, narrowing to an acutangular apex,2-52-2-92 times longer than wide, radular areas narrow, remainder of membrane devoid of spinules,course of R and RI marked with brown pigment; veins bearing long setae in proximal third of wing, Rbranch acutangular, M branching distal to or, at most, at Rs—Cu^ line, Cu stem 2-60-4-57 times longerthan Cuib, m\ cell value 1-82-2-20, c^ cell value 2-00-2-93; forewing 1-99-2-17 times longer thanhindwing, costal margin of hindwing with 2-6 setae proximal to costal break, no setae immediately distal tocostal break and two curved setae adjacent to retinaculum; hind coxa with a well-developed meracanthusand an incipient anterior lobe; base of hind tibia swollen dorsally and bearing several small, blunttubercles, with one outer and two inner spurs apically. Abdomen with setae on tergites 6 and 7 in cf and 6-8in $; cf proctiger, paramere and aedeagus as in Figs 195-197; $ genital segment short, conical, dorsalsurface of dorsal valve of ovipositor weakly serrate apically, ventral surface of ventral valve smooth. Measurements (6 cf, 6 $). Maximum width of head, cf 0-54-0-59, $ 0-57-0-61; length of antennalflagellum, cf 0-90-1-06, $ 0-88-1-00; length of ultimate rostral segment, cf and $ 0-09-0-10; length offorewing, cf 3-59-4-08, $ 3-93^-53; length of hind tibia, cf 0-61-0-79, $ 0-65-0-75. Fifth instar larva (Figs 315, 316). Dorsal surface outline very broadly oval, about 1-3 times longer thanwide. Antenna with five flagellomeres. Cephaloprothorax separate from rest of thorax which is entire.Forewing pad about 0-62 mm long, humeral lobe strongly extended forward to anterior margin ofcephaloprothorax. Caudal plate about 0-65 times as long as wide, anus ventral and distant from posteriormargin of abdomen, anal pore area as in Fig. 316. Narrow, tubular, truncate sectasetae forming amoderately dense fringe on anterior margin of cephaloprothorax and caudal plate and a sparse fringe onthe wing pads, postocular seta absent, sectasetae absent from dorsum. HOST PLANTS. Adults and larvae collected from Mimusops obovata and M. zeyheri, adults onlycollected from M. caffra (Sapotaceae). M. zeyheriMimusops zeyheriM[imusops]zeyheri M. caffraMimusops caffraM[imusops]caffra Mimusops obovataMimusops obovataMimusopsobovata5844935 Holotype cf, South Africa: Transvaal, Hartebeestpoort Dam, Bet El Park, 17.viii.1974, Mimusops zeyheri(B. R. Pitkin) (BMNH; dry mounted). Mimusops zeyheriMimusops zeyheriMimusopszeyheri5844939 Paratypes. South Africa: 14 cf, 12 $, same data as holotype; 7 cf, 6 $, larvae, Natal, Durban BotanicalGardens, 23.viii.1974, Mimusops obovata (B. R. Pitkin); 1 $, Port St John, Pondoland, l-ll.vi.1923(R. E. Turner); 5 cf, 9 $, Transvaal, Rustenburg, 20.ii.1965, Mimusops zeyheri; 5 cf, 8 $, larvae,27-30.X.1966; 5 cf, 5 $, larvae, ll-15.ix.1971; 1 $, ll-15.ix.1971, Fagaracapensis; 15 cf, 11 $, Pretoria,Hartebeestpoort, 20.V.1965, Mimusops zeyheri; 3 cf, 3 $, 6.viii.l965; 2 cf, 2 $, Natal, Umtentweni,29.ix.1965, Mimusops caffra; 1 $, Umkomaas, 29.ix.-3.x.l965, Bersama lucens (A. L. Capener).(BMNH; NCI; slide and dry mounted and stored in 80% ethanol.) Mimusops caffraMimusops caffraMimusopscaffra5844919 Mimusops zeyheriMimusops zeyheriMimusopszeyheri5844939 Mimusops obovataMimusops obovataMimusopsobovata5844935 Bersama lucensBersama lucensBersamalucens5958061 COMMENT. This distinctive species is easily recognised by the shape, venation and pigmentationof the forewing (Fig. 194), and the unusual chaetotaxy of the abdominal tergites. It is tentativelyplaced in the obsoleta-group because the hindwing is only half the length of the forewing, thehind coxa has an incipient anterior lobe and the hind tibia has two inner apical spurs, andbecause of its host plant association. The cocfcere///-group For a discussion of this group see p. 56. Trioza capensis sp. n. Trioza capensisTrioza capensisTriozacapensis6170642 (Figs 27, 53, 225-228) DESCRIPTION. Adult. Integument sparsely covered with short setae. Head, in profile, strongly depressedfrom longitudinal axis of body, from above narrower than mesoscutum; occipital margin sharp; vertex 56 DAVID HOLLIS trapezoidal, gently rounded down anteriorly, without frontal lobes or ridge, with a crescent-shapeddepression on either side of the shallow median suture; median ocellus visible from above, frons visible inanterior view; genae slightly swollen ventrally; antennal flagellum 1 -36-1-49 times longer than head width,a single rhinarium present subapically on flagellomeres 2,4,6 and 7, that of 2 with a large curved sense cone(Fig. 27), apical flagellomere with a moderately long and a short truncate seta apically; clypeus with a pairof setae, ultimate rostral segment with two pairs of setae. Thorax moderately arched; pronotum clearlyvisible from above; mesopraescutum, from above, much wider than long, anterior margin broadly arcuate,in profile shallowly rounded down to pronotum; forewing elongate oval, strongly narrowing to roundedrectangular apex, 2-44-2-57 times longer than wide, radular areas narrow elongate, remainder ofmembrane devoid of spinules; veins bearing very short setae, R branch acutangular, M branching distal toRs—Cuia line, Cu stem 3-54-4-71 times longer than Cwlb, m\ cell value 1-20-1-33, cu\ cell value 1-71-2-22;forewing 1-44-1-51 times longer than hindwing, costal margin of hindwing with 3-4 setae proximal to costalbreak, setae distal to costal break clearly divided into two groups; hind coxa with a well-developedmeracanthus and a very small anterior lobe; hind tibia with a well-developed basal spine, a verywell-developed preapical outer spur and two inner apical spurs (Fig. 53). Abdomen with setae on tergite 3in cf and 3 and 4 in 9; Cf proctiger, paramere and aedeagus as in Figs 226-228; $ genital segment veryshort, rounded conical, ovipositor valves smooth. Measurements (2 cf, 3 <j>). Maximum width of head, cf 0-53-0-54, $ 0-50-0-52; length of antennalflagellum, cf 0-79, $ 0-68-0-77; length of ultimate rostral segment, cf and $ 0-09-0-10; length of forewing,Cf 2-31-2-38, $ 2-54-2-72; length of hind tibia, cf 0-38, $ 0-38-0-40. Larva unknown. HOST PLANTS. Adults collected from Lycium salinicola and Lycium ? tetrandrum (Sola-naceae). Lycium salinicolaLycium salinicolaLyciumsalinicola9165067 Holotype cf, South Africa: Cape Province, Aliwal North, xii.1922 (R. E. Turner} (BMNH; slidemounted). Paratypes. South Africa: 1 $, same data as holotype; 1 $, 25 mis SSE. Merweville, 2.v. 1972, Lycium ?tetrandum (D. Hollis); 1 $, Nuwerus, 10.xi.1971 (/. G. Theron); 1 CM $, OFS, Philippolis, Vaalbank,19-30.xi. 1969, Lycium salinicolum (A. L. Capener). (BMNH; NCI; slide and dry mounted.) COMMENTS. T. capensis apparently belongs to the same species-group as the New WorldParatrioza cockerelli (Sulc, 1909) and the Palaearctic species of Paratrioza, which all develop onsolanaceous hosts. The paramere is very similar to lycii Loginova, 1970, described from Georgiaand Tadzhikistan, but capensis may be distinguished by the structure of the rhinarium on the 2ndflagellomere, the development and displacement of the outer apical spur on the hind tibia andthe form of the apical segment of the aedeagus. Furthermore capensis completely lacks genalcones and has a more primitive form of thorax, the Paratrioza species having the mesopraescu-tum more produced anteriorly. Paratrioza cockerelliParatrioza cockerelliParatriozacockerelli3509690 T. capensisTrioza capensisT[rioza]capensis Previous authors would have placed this species in Paratrioza but I am not sure of the validityof the genus and prefer to place capensis under Trioza. The etfeiMiei'-group A distinctive group of small species defined by the absence of genal cones, bifid sensillaassociated with the antennal rhinaria, forewing with a broadly rounded apex, reduced meracan-thi and a 3-segmented (at least partially) aedeagus. Six species are included: etiennei, messarati-na, seranistama, nestasimara, camerounensis and pitkini. Host plants, both members of theSapotaceae, are known for two of the species, and the only known larva, that of etiennei, is verydistinctive (Fig. 317). Trioza etiennei sp. n. Trioza etienneiTrioza etienneiTriozaetiennei6766234 (Figs 46, 50,198-201, 317, 318) DESCRIPTION. Adult. Integument sparsely covered with very short setae. Head, in profile, at 90° tolongitudinal axis of body, from above as wide as mesoscutum; occipital margin sharp; vertex pentagonal,rounded down to genae, with a median longitudinal ridge on either side of which is a parallel furrow, lateralmargins raised and with anterolateral tubercles, median suture evanescing just above median ocellus; AFROTROPICAL JUMPING PLANT LICE 57 latter not visible from above, frons visible in anterior view; genae smooth, rounded, without trace of cones;antennal flagellum short, 1-06-1-23 times longer than head width, a single subapical rhinarium present onflagellomeres 2,4,6 and 7, the proximal three each with a bifid sensillum, the distal one with a short conicalsensillum, apical flagellomere with two long setae apically; clypeus with a pair of setae, ultimate rostralsegment with two pairs of setae. Thorax, in profile, with mesopraescutum almost flat; pronotum stronglyrounded down behind occiput, with a sharp median tubercle, and a blunt tubercle at each dorsolateralmargin (cf. Fig. 203); mesopraescutum much wider than long, its anterior margin broadly arcuate;forewing elipsoid with broadly rounded apex, leading edge almost straight, 2-32-2-65 times longer thanwide, radular areas broad, claval suture bordered with spinules but remainder of membrane devoid ofspinules; veins bearing short setae, R branch acutangular, M branching proximal to Rs—Cu\.A line, Cu stem1-60-2-33 times longer than Culb, m{ cell value 1-25-1-46, cuv cell value 1-07-1-38; forewing 1-14-1-22times longer than hindwing, costal margin of hindwing with up to two setae proximal to costal break, setaedistal to costal break clearly divided into two groups; hind coxa (Fig. 46) with a reduced meracanthus andwithout anterior lobe; hind tibia without basal tubercles, with one outer and two inner apical spurs and witha double vertical row of up to five thickened setae (Fig. 50); hind basitarsus elongate. Abdomen with setaeon tergites 2-7 in cf and 3-8 in $; cf proctiger, paramere and aedeagus as in Figs 199-201; $ genitalsegment elongate conical, with apical half strongly elongate, ovipositor valves smooth. Measurements (10 cf, 5 $). Maximum width of head, cf 0-28-0-30, $ 0-31-0-33; length of antennalflagellum, cf 0-32-0-37, $ 0-33-0-38; length of ultimate rostral segment, cf 0-07-0-08, $ 0-08-0-09; lengthof forewing, Cf 0-99-1-14, £ 1-14-1-32; length of hind tibia, cf 0-29-0-36, $ 0-32-0-37. Fifth instar larva (Figs 317,318). Dorsal surface outline elongate oval, about 2-1 times longer than wide,head and thorax clearly differentiated from abdomen, latter with a median posterior prolongation.Antenna with three flagellomeres. Cephaloprothorax separate from rest of thorax which is entire.Forewing pad about 0-42 mm long, humeral lobe weakly extended forward but not reaching hind margin ofeye. Caudal plate about 1-35 times longer than wide, including posterior prolongation; anus ventral anddistant from posterior margin of abdomen, anal pore area as in Fig. 318. Truncate tubular sectasetaeinserted on elongate basal tubercles, and very small lanceolate setae forming a sparse marginal fringe, asingle truncate tubular postocular sectaseta mounted on a basal tubercle present, arrangement ofsectasetae on dorsum as in Fig. 317. HOST PLANT. Larvae and adults collected from Malacantha alnifolia (Sapotaceae). Malacantha alnifoliaMalacantha alnifoliaMalacanthaalnifolia5843541 Holotype cf, Senegal: Djebelor, 26.xii.1979, Malacantha alnifolia (J. Etienne) (BMNH; slide mounted).Paratypes. Senegal: 50 cf, 50 $, larvae, same data as holotype; 10 cf, 10 9, larvae, Ziguinchor,20.vii.1981. Ghana: 2 cf, 1 9, Tafo, v.1957, yellow tray. Nigeria: 1 cf, 1 $, Ibadan, Moor Plntn,ll.vii.1956, yellow tray (V. F. Eastop); 1 cf, vi.1957; 11 cf, 6 $, iv.1960; 4 cf, 3 $, 19-27.iv.1961 (F. A.Squire); 1 $, Ikom, 11-12.ii.1957 (V. F. Eastop). (BMNH; MNHN; slide mounted and stored in 80%ethanol.) Malacantha alnifoliaMalacantha alnifoliaMalacanthaalnifolia5843541 COMMENT. T. etiennei and messaratina seem to be a sister pair, distinguished from the rest of thegroup by the presence of tubercles or projections on the pronotum. The two species may beseparated from one another by the characters given in key couplet 23. T. etienneiTrioza etienneiT[rioza]etiennei 'irio7.n messaratina sp. n. (Figs 202-206) DESCRIPTION. Adult. Very similar to etiennei. Median longitudinal ridge and parallel furrows of vertex lesswell developed and median suture weakly indicated just above median ocellus; ultimate rostral segmentwithout setae; antennal flagellum very short, 0-69 times as long as head width, all rhinaria with bifid sensillaalthough that of flagellomere 7 much shorter than the others. Pronotum as in Fig. 203; forewing (Fig. 202)2-95 times longer than wide; spinules present in posterior part of c+sc, completely covering cu2 and analcell, along hind margin from cu\ to point at which Rs reaches wing margin; Cu stem 4-55 times longer thanCulb, mi cell value 1-62, cuv cell value 2-89; hind tibia without vertical row of thickened setae, hindbasitarsus not elongate, cf proctiger, paramere and aedeagus as in Figs 204-206; $ unknown. Measurements (1 cf). Maximum width of head, 0-29; length of antennal flagellum, 0-20; length ofultimate rostral segment, 0-06; length of forewing, 0-96; length of hind tibia, 0-23. Larva and host plant unknown. Holotype cf, Tanzania: E. Usambara Mtns, Amani Res. sta., c. 3,000', 19-27.vi.1974, yellow tray (D.Hollis) (BMNH; slide mounted). 58 DAVID HOLLIS Trioza seranistama sp. n. Trioza seranistamaTrioza seranistamaTriozaseranistama6766258 (Figs 207-211) DESCRIPTION. Adult. Similar to etiennei. Head more rounded; vertex without longitudinal ridge andassociated furrows, median suture present and complete to occiput; antennal flagellum short, 0-86-0-91times as long as head width, with a single subapical rhinarium present on flagellomeres 2,4, 6, and 7, eachwith a short bifid sensillum; ultimate rostral segment with one pair of setae. Pronotum without median andlateral tubercles; forewing (Fig. 207) 2-37-2-49 times longer than wide, radular areas weak and broad,spinules present in apical areas of cells r2, mt, m2, cu\ and occupying most of cu2', veins bearing long setae,Cu stem 1-92-2-72 times longer than C«ib, m^ cell value 1-23-1-39, cui cell value 1-00-1-24; forewing1-19-1-21 times longer than hindwing, costal margin of hindwing without setae proximal to costal break,setae distal to costal break clearly divided into two groups; hind tibia without vertical rows of thickenedsetae; hind basitarsus short. Abdomen with setae on tergites 2 and 3 in cf and 3 and 4 in $; cf proctiger,paramere and aedeagus as in Figs 208-210; apical half of 9 genital segment (Fig. 211) elongate. Measurements (3 cf, 1 $). Maximum width of head, d" 0-32-0-34, $ 0-36; length of antennal flagellum,Cf 0-28-0-31, $ 0-31; length of ultimate rostral segment, cf 0-09, 9 0-10; length of forewing, cf 1-29-1-38,$1-51; length of hind tibia, cf 0-31-0-33, 9 0-34. Larva and host plant unknown. Holotype cf, Tanzania: E. Usambara Mtns, Amani Res sta., c. 3,000', 19-27.vi. 1974, yellow tray (D.Hollis) (BMNH; slide mounted).Paratypes. 2 cf, 1 9. same data as holotype (BMNH; slide mounted). Trioza nestasimara sp. n. Trioza nestasimaraTrioza nestasimaraTriozanestasimara6766255 (Figs 212, 213) DESCRIPTION. Adult. Very similar to seranistama. Differs in that rhinarium on flagellomere 4 bears a longbifid sensillum. Forewing 2-58 times longer than wide; Cu stem 1-76 times longer than Cu}b, mi cell value1-43, ciii cell value 0-92; forewing 1-15 times longer than hindwing. Paramere and aedeagus as in Figs 212,213, apical segment of aedeagus more clearly divided. Measurements (1 cf). Maximum width of head, 0-35; length of antennal flagellum, 0-31; length ofultimate rostral segment, 0-08; length of forewing 1-38; length of hind tibia, 0-31. Larva and host plant unknown. Holotype cf, Tanzania: E. Usambara Mtns, Amani Res. sta., c. 3,000', 19-27.vi. 1974, yellow tray (D.Hollis) (BMNH; slide mounted). COMMENT. The specimen upon which this species is based was collected in the same yellow tray,during the same period as the type-series of seranistama and, possibly, it is an aberrantspecimen of the latter. However, it would be most unusual for a psyllid species to have suchvariable antennal and cf genitalia structure, and for this reason two species are recognised here. Trioza camerounensis sp. n. Trioza camerounensisTrioza camerounensisTriozacamerounensis6766226 (Figs 214, 215) DESCRIPTION. Adult. Very similar to seranistama. Antennal flagellum 1-11-1-23 times longer than headwidth, each rhinarium with a long bifid sensillum; ultimate rostral segment with two pairs of setae.Forewing 2-66-2-75 times longer than wide, spinules present in cells ml, m2, cu\ and cu2; veins bearingshort setae, Cu stem 1-67-1-78 times longer than Cwlb, m\ cell value 1-28-1-35, cu\ cell value 1-04-1-29;forewing 1 -34-1 -37 times longer than hindwing, costal margin of hindwing with one seta proximal to costalbreak, cf paramere and aedeagus as in Figs 214, 215, apical segment of aedeagus subdivided. Measurements (1 cf, 2 9)- Maximum width of head, cf 0-31, 9 0-35; length of antennal flagellum, cf0-38, 9 0-39-0-42; length of ultimate rostral segment, cf and 9 0-09; length of forewing, 5 1-63, 91-86-1-89; length of hind tibia, cf 0-29, $ 0-31-0-34. Larva and host plant unknown. Holotype cf, Cameroun: Bamenda, 25-31.i.1957, yellow tray (V. F. Eastop) (BMNH; slide mounted). Paratypes. Cameroun: 2 $, Bamenda, 21-24.i.l957, yellow tray (V. F. Eastop) (BMNH; slidemounted). AFROTROPICAL JUMPING PLANT LICE 59 Triozapitkinisp. n. (Figs 26, 216-218) DESCRIPTION. Adult. Integument sparsely covered with very short setae. Head, in profile, slightlydepressed from longitudinal axis of body; occipital margin sharp; vertex pentagonal with a weak concavityon either side of median suture, frontal lobes moderately developed; median ocellus not visible fromabove, frons hidden by genae which are slightly swollen but without cones; antennal flagellum short,1-03-1 -24 times longer than head width, a single rhinarium present subapically on flagellomeres 2,4,6, and7, that on 2 with a bifid sensillum (Fig. 26), apical flagellomere with two long setae apically; clypeus with apair of setae, ultimate rostral segment with two pairs of setae. Thorax weakly arched; anterior margin ofpronotum weakly downcurved behind occiput; mesopraescutum, from above, about as long as wide andwith a broadly arcuate anterior margin; forewing (Fig. 216) elongate oval with rounded apex, 2-97-3-10times longer than wide, radular areas broad, spinules present below R+M+Cu stem and M stem, this areaalso brown pigmented apart from hyaline areas on either sides of apices of M3+4, Cwla and Cwlb; veins withshort setae, R branch acutangular, M branching distal to Rs—Cu\a line, Cu stem 3-09-3-63 times longerthan Cwlb, m\ cell value 1-11-1-22, cui cell value 2-22-2-74; forewing 1-26-1-31 times longer thanhindwing, costal margin of hindwing with one seta proximal to costal break, setae distal to costal breakclearly divided into two groups; hind coxa with a moderately developed meracanthus and without anteriorlobe; hind tibia without basal spine, with one outer and two inner apical spurs; hind basitarsus short.Abdomen with setae on tergites 2-7 in cf and 3-8 in $; cf paramere and aedeagus as in Figs 217, 218; $genital segment narrowed strongly in apical half and elongate, ovipositor valves smooth. Measurements (4 cf, 3 $). Maximum width of head, cf 0-28-0-29, $ 0-31; length of antennal flagellum,Cf 0-33-0-36, $ 0-32-0-33; length of ultimate rostral segment, cf 0-07-0-09, $ 0-08-0-09; length offorewing, cf 1-43-1-53, $ 1-65-1-71; length of hind tibia, cf 0-23-0-26, $ 0-25-0-26. Larva unknown. HOST PLANT. Adults collected from Chrysophyllum viridifolium (Ipruiniforme) (Sapotaceae). Chrysophyllum viridifoliumChrysophyllum viridifoliumChrysophyllumviridifolium5860260 Holotype cf, Kenya: Nairobi Arboretum, c. 5,400', 25-26.vii. 1974, Chrysophyllum viridifolium (Ipruini-forme) (D. Hollis (BMNH; dry mounted). Chrysophyllum viridifoliumChrysophyllum viridifoliumChrysophyllumviridifolium5860260 Paratypes. 32 cf, 15 $, same data as holotype (BMNH; NMK; slide and dry mounted and stored in 80%ethanol). COMMENT. T. pitkini may be readily distinguished from other members of the etiennei-group bythe shape, pattern and venation of the forewing (Fig. 216). T. pitkiniTrioza pitkiniT[rioza]pitkini The g/aftea-group Differs from the etiennei-group in that the aedeagus is 2-segmented with the apical segmentthickened basally, and the forewing has a rounded acutangular apex. Two species, glabea andusambarica, are included but larvae and host plants are unknown. Trioza glabea sp. n. Trioza glabeaTrioza glabeaTriozaglabea6766237 (Figs 219-222) DESCRIPTION. Adult. Integument sparsely covered with very short setae. Median suture of vertex presentand complete; genae rounded, without cones; antennal flagellum 1 -61-1-70 times longer than head width, asingle rhinarium present subapically on flagellomeres 2, 4, 6 and 7, those on 2 and 7 with a short conicalsensillum, those on 4 and 6 with a long bifid sensillum, apical flagellomere with two long subequal setaeapically; clypeus with a pair of setae, ultimate rostral segment with two pairs of setae. Forewing (Fig. 219)elongate elipsoid with a rounded acutangular apex, 2-88-2-92 times longer than wide, radular areas narrowtriangular, membrane with spinules at distal ends of cells r2 and w2, almost completely filling m\ and cuiand following the course of claval suture; veins bearing moderately dense rows of short setae, R branchacutangular, M branching proximal to Rs-Cuia line, Cu stem 0-60-0-64 times as long as Culb, m\ cell value1-59-1-62, cuj cell value 0-80-0-85; forewing 1-44-1-48 times longer than hindwing, costal margin ofhindwing without setae proximal to costal break, setae distal to costal break clearly divided into twogroups; hind coxa with a well-developed meracanthus and an incipient anterior lobe; hind tibia with a smallbasal spine and one outer and two inner apical spurs. Abdomen with setae on tergites 2 and 3 in cf and 3and 4 in $; cf proctiger, paramere and aedeagus as in Figs 220-222, apical segment of aedeagus with a 60 DAVID HOLLIS heavily sclerotised and bilobed base; $ genital segment short, conical, dorsal surface of dorsal valve ofovipositor weakly serrate apically. Measurements (1 cf, 1 $). Maximum width of head, cf 0-40, $ 0-44; length of antennal flagellum, cf0-68, $ 0-71; length of ultimate rostral segment, cf 0-10, $ 0-11; length of forewing, cf 2-48, $ 2-82; lengthof hind tibia, Cf and $0-39. Larva and host plant unknown. Holotype cf, Angola: 7 mis W Gabela, 16-18.iii.1972, at light (D. Hollis} (BMNH; slide mounted). Paratypes. Angola: 1 $, same data as holotype. Zaire ('Congo Beige'): 1 $, P.N.G., Miss. H. de Saeger,Pidigala, 23.iv.1952 (H. de Saeger). (BMNH; MRAC; slide mounted.) COMMENTS. T. glabea and usambarica are obviously closely related and I regard them as a sisterpair. Both lack genal cones, have bifid sensilla on the antennal rhinaria, and the apical segmentof the aedeagus has a thickened base. The presence of bifid sensilla suggests a possiblesister-group relationship with the etiennei-group. T. glabeaTrioza glabeaT[rioza]glabea A third species belonging to this group is represented by four specimens, from Zaire,deposited in MRAC, but this material is too badly damaged for description. Trioza usambarica sp. n. Trioza usambaricaTrioza usambaricaTriozausambarica6766264 (Figs 223, 224) DESCRIPTION. Adult. Very similar to glabea. Integument more densely covered with slightly longer setae.Antennal flagellum 1-54 times longer than head width. Forewing with r2 devoid of spinules; veins bearingslightly longer setae, Cu stem 0-66-0-73 times as long as C«lb, mi cell value 1-57-1-58, cu\ cell value0-74-0-86. cf paramere and aedeagus as in Figs 223,224, apical segment of aedeagus with a less expandedbase; dorsal surface of dorsal valve of ovipositor smooth. Measurements (1 cf, 1 $). Maximum width of head, cf 0-46, $ 0-51; length of antennal flagellum, cf0-71 ($ damaged); length of ultimate rostral segment, cf 0-13, $ 0-14; length of forewing, cf 2-64, $ 2-95;length of hind tibia, cf 0-41, $ 0-44. Larva and host plant unknown. Holotype cf, Tanzania: E. Usambara Mtns, Amani Res. sta., c. 3,000', 19-27.vi.1974, yellow tray (D.Hollis) (BMNH; slide mounted).Paratype. Tanzania: 1 cf, similar data as holotype but swept (BMNH; slide mounted). Ungrouped species Twelve species are described in this section. Some may be grouped together in pairs on the basisof overall similarity due to common possession of characters in the primitive state. The speciesare ordered alphabetically and each may represent a distinct species-group. Trioza ficiola sp. n. Trioza ficiolaTrioza ficiolaTriozaficiola6766175 (Figs 229-232,319,320) DESCRIPTION (only slide-mounted material available for study). Adult. Integument sparsely covered withmoderately long setae. Head with broadly conoid, well-developed genal cones; antennal flagellum1-27-1 -35 times longer than head width, a single rhinarium present subapically on flagellomeres 2,4,6 and7, apical flagellomere with one long and one short and truncate seta apically; clypeus with a pair of setae,ultimate rostral segment with several pairs of setae. Forewing elongate elipsoid, strongly narrowing distallyto a rounded obtusangular apex, 2-52-2-92 times longer than wide, radular areas narrow triangular,remainder of membrane devoid of spinules; veins bearing short setae, R branch acutangular, M branchdistal to Rs-Cu{.d line, Cu stem 1-21-1-53 times longer than Cwlb, m{ cell value 1-53-1-64, cwt cell value1-67-2-20; forewing 1-73-1-78 times longer than hindwing, costal margin of hindwing with 0-2 setaeproximal to costal break, setae distal to costal break weakly divided into two groups; hind coxa with awell-developed meracanthus and without anterior lobe; hind tibia with a weak basal tubercle bearingseveral small conical spines, with one outer and three inner apical spurs. Abdomen with setae on tergites 2and 3 in cf, and 3 and 4 in 9; Cf proctiger, paramere and aedeagus as in Figs 230-232; $ genital segmentvery short, conoid, subgenital plate truncate apically, ventral surface of ventral valve of ovipositor saw-likeand dorsal surface serrate apically. AFROTROPICAL JUMPING PLANT LICE 61 Measurements (3 cf, 1 $). Maximum width of head, cf 0-62-0-66, $ 0-66; length of antennalflagellum,Cf 0-86-0-89, $ 0-84; length of ultimate rostral segment, cf and $ 0-11; length of forewing, cf 4-01-4-11, $4-40; length of hind tibia, cf 0-64-0-65, £ 0-64. Fifth instar larva (Figs 319, 320). Dorsal surface outline almost circular, about 1-1 times longer thanwide. Antenna about 0-3 mm long (segmentation not clear in specimens available). Cephaloprothoraxseparated from rest of thorax which is entire. Forewing pad 0-92 mm long, humeral lobe extended forwardbeyond anterior margin of eye. Caudal plate about 0-5 times as long as wide, anus ventral and distant fromposterior margin of abdomen, anal pore area as in Fig. 320. Elongate truncate tubular sectasetae forming adense, entire marginal fringe, post-ocular seta absent, sectasetae absent from dorsum. HOST PLANT. Adults and larvae collected from Ficus sp. (Moraceae). There is no information asto whether or not the larvae form pit galls on the host plant but this is highly likely judging fromtheir shape and the arrangement of sectasetae. Holotype cf, Mozambique: Musape River Valley, 7.vii.l968, Ficus sp. (C. J. Hodgeson) (NCI; slidemounted).Paratypes. 2 cf, 1 $, larvae, same data as holotype (NCI; BMNH; slide mounted). COMMENTS. Apart from the male paramere and aedeagus this species has few diagnosticfeatures. It resembles species of the erytreae-group but the venation of the forewing has a highermi cell value and a lower cu\ cell value, and the structure of the female ovipositor is more derivedthan that of other members of the group. Trioza fuscivena sp. n. Trioza fuscivenaTrioza fuscivenaTriozafuscivena6766235 (Figs 233-236) DESCRIPTION. Adult. Integument sparsely covered with moderately long hairs. Head, in profile, slightlydepressed from longitudinal axis of body, from above at least as wide as mesoscutum; occipital marginobtuse; vertex flattened but deeply divided anteriorly by median suture, frontal lobes weakly developed;median ocellus not visible from above, frons just visible in anterior view; genal cones narrow, conical, welldeveloped, in profile depressed strongly from plane of vertex; antennal flagellum 1-59-1-98 times longerthan head width, a single rhinarium present subapically on flagellomeres 2, 4, 6 and 7, apical flagellomerewith two subequal terminal setae, the shorter with a truncate apex; clypeus with a pair of setae, ultimaterostral segment with two pairs of setae. Thorax weakly arched; pronotum, from above, with a rhomboiddorsal disc and narrowing strongly on each side; mesopraescutum, from above, longer than wide, anteriormargin strongly arcuate, in profile strongly rounded down to pronotum; forewing elongate elipsoid,narrowing to rounded acutangular apex, 2-65-2-92 times longer than wide, membrane devoid of spinulesapart from narrow triangular radular areas, course of R stem and R\ and bases of M stem and Cu stembrown pigmented; veins sparsely clothed with moderately long hairs in basal half of wing, R branchacutangular, M branch distal to /?s-Cwla line, Cu stem 1-51-1-77 times longer than Cwlb, mi cell value1-07-1-26, cu\ cell value 1-86-2-08; forewing 1-66-1-78 times longer than hindwing, costal margin ofhindwing with 4-7 setae proximal to costal break, setae distal to costal break sparse but clearly divided intotwo groups; hind coxa with a well-developed meracanthus and without anterior lobe; hind tibia with 3-4small but clearly developed spines, with one outer and two inner apical spurs. Abdomen with setae ontergite 3 in cf, and tergite 4 in $; cf proctiger very weakly expanded laterally, paramere and aedeagus as inFigs 234, 235; 9 genital segment (Fig. 236) short, conoid, proctiger strongly downcurved apically,subgenital plate with truncate posterior margin, lower valve of ovipositor with three dorsolateraltransverse ridges apically. Measurements (4 cf, 2 $). Maximum width of head, cf 0-50-0-54, $ 0-54-0-56; length of antennalflagellum, cf 0-94-1-05, $ 0-86-0-93; length of ultimate rostral segment, cf 0-07, $ 0-08; length offorewing, cf 3-25-3-46, 9 3-76-3-89; length of hind tibia, cf 0-66-0-70, $ 0-68-0-70. Larva and host plant unknown. Holotype cf, Cameroun: Bamenda, i-ii.1957, yellow trays (V. F. Eastop) (BMNH; slide mounted).Paratypes. 4 cf, 2 9, same data as holotype (BMNH; slide and dry mounted). COMMENT. This species is superficially similar to nachingweae (p. 49), principally because of theforewing pigmentation. However, the third flagellomere is not greatly reduced and fuscivena isnot considered a member of the neoboutonia-group. Other differences from nachingweae may 62 DAVID HOLLIS be found in the short ultimate rostral segment, the longer setae on the fore wing veins and theform of the male and female genitalia (Figs 234-236). No close association with any other speciescan be found. Triozaghanaensissp. n. (Figs 28, 237-240) DESCRIPTION. Adult. Integument sparsely covered with very short setae. Head, from above, almost as wideas mesoscutum, in profile depressed at 90° from longitudinal axis of body; vertex pentagonal, flatteneddorsally, rounded down to frons, with sharp occipital margins and clearly defined median suture, lateralconcavities weak, frontal lobes absent; median ocellus not visible from above, frons just visible in anteriorview; genae rounded, without cones; antennal flagellum 1-44-1-47 times longer than head width, a singlerhinarium present subapically on flagellomeres 2,4,6 and 7, those on 2 and 7 with an oval sense cone, thoseon 4 and 6 each with a long bifid sense cone, apical flagellomere with two long subequal terminal setae;clypeus with a pair of setae, ultimate rostral segment with two pairs of setae. Thorax strongly arched;pronotum strongly curved down behind occiput; mesopraescutum, from above, almost as long as wide,anterior margin broadly arcuate and strongly rounded down to pronotum; forewing elongate elipsoid,strongly narrowing to obtusangular apex, 2-54-2-55 times longer than wide, radular areas elongate andnarrow, rest of membrane devoid of spinules apart from small area at base of claval suture; veins bearingshort setae, R branch acutangular, M branch proximal to Rs—Cu\& line, Cu stem 0-36-0-42 times as long asCulb, mi cell value 2-09-2-34, cui cell value 0-75-0-82; forewing 1-74-1-80 times longer than hindwing,costal margin of hindwing with 3-6 setae proximal to costal break, 10-12 setae immediately distal to costalbreak and 4-6 setae adjacent to retinaculum; hind coxa with a well-developed meracanthus and withoutanterior lobe; hind tibia with a pair of unequally developed basal tubercles and one outer and two innerapical spurs. Abdomen with setae on tergites 2 and 3 in cf and 3 and 4 in $; cf proctiger, paramere andaedeagus as in Figs 238-240; 9 genital segment conical, dorsal valves of ovipositor serrate apically. Measurements (2 cf, 2 <j>). Maximum width of head, cf 0-73-0-75, $ 0-75-0-78; length of antennalflagellum, cf damaged, $ 1-08-1-15; length of ultimate rostral segment, cf 0-22, $ 0-23; length offorewing, Cf 5-27-5-35; $ 5-64-5-81; length of hind tibia, cf 0-90, $ 0-91-0-92. Larva unknown. HOST PLANT. Adults collected 'in severely galled young terminal leaves of Malacantha sp.'(Sapotaceae). Holotype cf, Ghana: Tafo, xii.1942, on Malacantha sp. (H. E. Box) (BMNH; slide mounted). Paratypes. Ghana: 1 cf, 3 $, same data asholotype. Zaire ('Congo Beige'): 4 9, P.N.A., Nyasheke (vol.Nyamuragira), 1820 m, 14-26,vi.l935 (G. F. de Witte). (BMNH; MRAC; slide and dry mounted.) COMMENT. See under tenuis (p. 67). Trioza guiera sp. n. Trioza guieraTrioza guieraTriozaguiera6766240 (Figs 241-244, 321, 322) DESCRIPTION. Adult. Integument covered with moderately long setae. Head, in profile, slightly depressedfrom longitudinal axis of body, from above slightly narrower than mesoscutum; occipital margin sharp;vertex with anterior margin incised by median suture, latter with an irregular concavity on either sidedorsofrontally; median ocellus visible from above, frons visible in anterior view; genal cones very short,rounded; antennal flagellum short, 0-9-1-21 times as long as head width, a single rhinarium presentsubapically on flagellomeres 2,4,6 and 7, apical flagellomere.with a long pointed seta and a short truncateseta terminally; clypeus with a pair of weak setae, ultimate rostral segment long, devoid of setae. Thoraxweakly arched; pronotum visible from above, its anterior margin rounded down behind occiput; meso-praescutum, from above, wider than long, with broadly arcuate anterior margin, in profile stronglydowncurved to pronotum; forewing elipsoid, with rounded apex, 2-25-2-57 times longer than wide,membrane densely covered with spinules, radular areas broadly triangular; veins bearing long setae at leastin proximal half of wing, C+Sc thickened at base, R branching from R+M+Cu slightly proximal to Cu, Rbranch acutangular, M branch distal to Rs-Cula line, Cu stem 0-93-1-79 times as long as Cwlb, mi cellvalue 1-06-1-32, cui cell value 1-26-1-7; forewing 1-41-1-56 times longer than hindwing, costal margin ofhindwing with 3^4- setae proximal to costal break, no setae immediately distal to costal break and 2-3 setaeadjacent to retinaculum; hind coxa with a well-developed meracanthus and without anterior lobe; hind AFROTROPICAL JUMPING PLANT LICE 63 tibia with a group of 2-3 very small spines basally and without strongly developed apical spurs. Abdomenwith setae on tergites 2-7 in cf and 3-8 in 9; Cf proctiger, paramere and aedeagus as in Figs 242-244; $genital segment short, conical, apex of proctiger upcurved and hook-like, valves of ovipositor smooth. Measurements (10 cf, 10 $). Maximum width of head, cf 0-40-0-45, 9 0-43-0-47; length of antennalflagellum, cf 0-37-0-51, $ 0-41-0-50; length of ultimate rostral segment, cf 0-10-0-13, $ 0-11-0-13; lengthof forewing, cf 1-62-1-84, $ 1-86-2-14; length of hind tibia, cf 0-27-0-31, $ 0-30-0-34. Fifth instar larva (Figs 321, 322). Dorsal surface outline oval, about 1-4 times longer than wide, withindentations on either side at posterior margin of eye and at base of abdomen, posterior margin ofabdomen with a deep indentation medially. Antenna with 4-5 flagellomeres. Cephaloprothorax separatefrom rest of thorax which is entire. Forewing pad about 0-37 mm long, humeral lobe weakly extendingforward to posterior margin of eye. Caudal plate about 0-65 times as long as wide, anus apico-dorsal, analpore area as in Fig. 322. Pointed conical sectasetae of unequal length forming an uneven dense marginalfringe interrupted posteromedially; blunt conical sectasetae present on either side of dorsal mid line fromcephaloprothoracic suture to posterior margin of abdomen; a single conical sectaseta present on eachlateral margin of the abdominal tergite immediately anterior to caudal plate. HOST PLANT. Adults and larvae collected from Guiera senegalensis (Combretaceae). The larvaeare apparently free-living and one sample collected was associated with a species of the ant genusCrematogaster. Guiera senegalensisGuiera senegalensisGuierasenegalensis9449595 Holotype cf, Senegal: Manpalago, 12.55N/16.00W, 13.i.1981, Guiera senegalensis (J. Etienne} (BMNH;dry mounted). Guiera senegalensisGuiera senegalensisGuierasenegalensis9449595 Paratypes. Senegal: 43 cf, 31 $, larvae, same data as holotype; 7 cf, 7 $, numerous larvae, Goudemp,23.vi.1981, Guiera senegalensis (J. Etienne). Gambia: 2 cf, 2 $, larvae (V. F. Eastop). Chad: 5 $, larvae,Bebedjia8.40N/16.33E, 10.xi.l974(fl. M. Bink-Moenen). Sudan: 15 cf, 14 $, larvae, 50km W. ElObeid,19.iv. 1981, Guiera senegalensis, tended by Crematogaster sp.; 6 cf, 13 $, larvae, 140 km W. El Obeid,21.iv.1981; 9 cf, 8 ?, larvae S. Darfur, Ed Da'ein, 3.V.1981; 1 cf, 1 $, larvae, Ed Da'ein to BabanusaRoad, 4.V.1981; larvae, 40 km SW. El Muglad, 6.V.1981 (/. H. Martin}. (BMNH; MNHN; slide and drymounted and stored in 80% ethanol.) Guiera senegalensisGuiera senegalensisGuierasenegalensis9449595 COMMENTS. The shape and venation of the forewing (Fig. 241) and the dense complete coveringof spinules on the membrane serve to distinguish this species from other Afrotropical triozids.Furthermore the anus of the 5th instar larva is in a dorsal position, possibly to facilitateant-tending. Trioza karroo sp. n. Trioza karrooTrioza karrooTriozakarroo6766173 (Figs 51, 245-248) DESCRIPTION. Adult. Integument sparsely covered with short setae. Head, in profile, moderately depressedfrom longitudinal axis of body, from above narrower than mesoscutum; occipital margin obtuse but welldefined; vertex with a well-defined concavity on either side of median suture, frontal lobes weaklydeveloped; median ocellus visible from above, frons completely covered by genal cones, latter welldeveloped and with rounded apices, their longitudinal axis parallel with but not in same plane as vertex;antennal flagellum 1-89-2-16 times longer than head width, a single rhinarium present subapically onflagellomeres 2, 4, 6 and 7, apical flagellomere with one long and one short and truncate seta terminally;clypeus prominent and bearing a pair of setae, ultimate rostral segment without setae. Thorax weaklyarched; pronotum clearly visible from above, its anterior margin rounded down behind occiput; meso-praescutum, from above, slightly wider than long, anterior margin broadly arcuate, in profile angled downto pronotum; forewing (Fig. 245) elongate, narrow, rounded apically, 3-09-3-23 times longer than wide,membrane with a broad band of brown pigmentation extending across the longitudinal axis of the wing,following the course of R+M+Cu, M stem and M1+2 and extending across posterior half of wing, evenlyspinuled and with diffuse radular areas; veins bearing short setae, R branch acutangular, M branch atRs-Cuia line, Cu stem 1-10-2-26 times longer than Cwlb, rat cell value 1-58-1-87, cui cell value 1-47-1-79;forewing 1-23-1-32 times longer than hindwing, costal margin of hindwing bearing two setae proximal tocostal break, setae distal to costal break not clearly divided into two groups; hind coxa with a well-definedmeracanthus and without anterior lobe; hind tibia with a group of small tubercles on a raised bulge basally,without well-defined apical spurs but with an incomplete ring of thickened setae (Fig. 51). Abdomen withsetae on tergites 2 and 3 in cf and 3 and 4 in $; cf proctiger and aedeagus as in Figs 246, 247 (parameres 64 DAVID HOLLIS damaged in holotype); 9 genital segment (Fig. 248) short, conical, proctiger, in profile, with a prominentbulge posterior to anus and narrowing strongly to apex, ovipositor valves smooth. Measurements (1 d", 6 $). Maximum width of head, cf 043, 9 0-41-0-46; length of antennal flagellum,Cf 0-92, 9 0-85-0-98; length of ultimate rostral segment, cf 0-07, $ 0-08-0-09; length of forewing, cf 2-189 2-45-2-63; length of hind tibia, cf 0-36, $ 0-36-0-40. Larva and host plant unknown. Holotype cf, South Africa: C.P., Grabouw, 6.U971, swept (/. G. Theron) (NCI; slide mounted). Paratypes. South Africa: 4 9, same data as holotype; 4 $, Ceres, iv.1925 (R. E. Turner). (BMNH; NCI;slide and dry mounted.) COMMENTS (see also p. 64). T. karroo is easily recognised by the pigmentation of the forewing(Fig. 245) and the absence of hind tibial spurs. The male genitalia are not particularly distinctivebut the form of the female proctiger (Fig. 248) is very unusual. T. karrooTrioza karrooT[rioza]karroo Trioza laingisp. n. Trioza laingiTrioza laingiTriozalaingi6766245 (Figs 249-253) DESCRIPTION. Adult. Body sparsely covered with short setae, genal cones and legs bearing longer setae.Head, in profile, depressed almost at 90° to longitudinal axis of body, from above narrower thanmesoscutum; occipital margin obtuse but defined; vertex with a well-developed concavity on either side ofmedian suture which is deeper towards median ocellus, frontal lobes not developed; median ocellus notvisible from above, frons completely covered by genae; genal cones well developed, in profile depressedfrom axis of vertex; antennal flagellum 1-74 times longer than head width, a single rhinarium presentsubapically on flagellomeres 2,4,6 and 7, apical flagellomere with one long and one short and truncate setaapically; clypeus with a pair of setae, ultimate rostral segment with two pairs of setae. Thorax weaklyarched; pronotum clearly visible from above and rounded down behind occiput; mesopraescutum, fromabove slightly wider than long, anterior margin broadly arcuate, in profile gently rounded down topronotum; forewing (Fig. 249) elongate oval with rounded apex, 2-83-3-16 times longer than wide,membrane with an even brown pigmentation extending over posterior half of wing from the line ofR+M+Cu, M stem and M1+2, evenly covered with spinules and with diffuse radular areas; veins bearingshort setae, R branch acutangular, M branching at or proximal to Rs-Cuia line, Cu stem 1-45-1-86 timeslonger than Culb, ml cell value 1-19-1-22, cuv cell value 1-07-1-40; forewing 1-23-1-25 times longer thanhindwing, costal margin of hindwing with 0-1 seta proximal to costal break, setae distal to costal breakclearly divided into two groups; hind coxa with a well-developed meracanthus and without anterior lobe;hind tibia with a weakly developed basal spine, with one strong outer and three inner apical spurs; basalsegment of hind tarsus elongate. Abdomen with setae on tergites 2 and 3 in cf and 3 and 4 in 9; Cfproctiger, paramere and aedeagus as in Figs 250-252; 9 genital segment (Fig. 253) very short, proctigerwith rounded apex, apicodorsal surface of ventral valves of ovipositor weakly serrate. Measurements (2 cf, 2 9). Maximum width of head, cf 0-55-0-57, $ 0-59-0-61; length of antennalflagellum, cf 0-96, $ 1-06; length of ultimate rostral segment, cf 0-10-0-11, 9 0-11-0-12; length offorewing, cf 2-91-3-14, 9 3-36-3-47; length of hind tibia, cf 0-45-0-48, 9 0-47-0-49. Larva unknown. HOST PLANT. Possibly Bartsia longiflora (Scrophulariaceae). Bartsia longifloraBartsia longifloraBartsialongiflora8962881 Holotype cf, Kenya: Mt Elgon, 10,300', i.1974, on yellow flowers (S. Collins) (BMNH; slide mounted). Paratypes. Kenya: 1 9> same data as holotype. Ethiopia: 1 9 (without head), Simien, Lori, 11,500',beaten from low yellow-flowered bushes, Bartsia longiflora; 1 cf, 3 $, 'Abyssinia', Mt Zuquala, c. 9,000',22.x. 1926, beaten from trees near lake shore (H. Scott). Zaire ('Congo Beige'): 1 9 Ruanda, Lac N'Gando('pied vole. Karisimbi'), 2,400 m, 8.in.1935 (G. F. de Witte 1216); 1 cf Terr. Rutshuru, 7.iv.l937 (Miss.Prophylactique). (BMNH; MR AC; slide and dry mounted.) Bartsia longifloraBartsia longifloraBartsialongiflora8962881 COMMENTS. This species most closely resembles T. obscura Tuthill, 1952, and some undescribedspecies which develop on Hebe spp. (Scrophulariaceae) in New Zealand, but this resemblancemay be due to characters of the head, thorax and forewing being in the primitive state. Withinthe African fauna laingi is similar to karroo (p. 64) but the two species may be separated by thecharacters given in key couplet 4. T. obscuraTrioza obscuraT[rioza]obscura The material from Mt Zuquala, Ethiopia, was deposited in the BMNH under the Laingmanuscript name 'Trioza semibrunneipennis'. AFROTROPICAL JUMPING PLANT LICE 65 Trioza medleri sp. n. Trioza medleriTrioza medleriTriozamedleri6766249 (Figs 10, 39, 254, 7255) DESCRIPTION. Adult. Integument densely covered with long setae (Fig. 39). Head, in profile, depressed at90° to longitudinal axis of body, from above narrower than mesoscutum; occipital margin rounded; vertexdeeply divided into two bulbous halves by median suture, eyes very prominent and rounded; medianocellus not visible from above, frons completely covered by genae; genal cones long, conical, with subacuteapices; antennal flagellum (Fig. 10) 1-66 times longer than head width, a single rhinarium presentsubapically on flagellomeres 2, 4, 6 and 7, 1-6 with very long setae, apical flagellomere with one long andone extremely short and truncate seta apically; clypeus with a pair of setae, ultimate rostral segment withseveral pairs of setae. Thorax, in profile, strongly arched; pronotum, from above, with a rhomboid dorsaldisc and strongly narrowing laterally, in profile strongly rounded down behind occiput; mesopraescutum,from above, slightly wider than long, anterior margin broadly arcuate, in profile rounded down topronotum; forewing (Fig. 254) obovoid, broadly rounded distally, 2-29 times longer than wide, radularareas elongate, cell c+sc with a narrow diagonal band of spinules, remainder of membrane devoid ofspinules; veins densely clothed with long setae, R branch acutangular, M branching proximal to Rs—Cwialine, Cu stem 0-39 times as long as Cwlb, mt cell value 2-61, cui cell value 0-76; forewing 1-38 times longerthan hindwing, costal margin of hindwing with 0-1 seta proximal to costal break, setae distal to costal breakclearly divided into two groups; hind coxa with a well-developed meracanthus and without anterior lobe;hind tibia without basal spines and with one outer and two inner apical spurs, cf unknown; $ abdomenwith setae on tergite 3, genital segment short, conoid, proctiger strongly sclerotised apically, ovipositorvalves smooth. Measurements (1 $). Maximum width of head, 0-7; length of antennal flagellum, 1-16; length of ultimaterostral segment, 0-14; length of forewing, 3-85; length of hind tibia, 0-67. Larva and host plant unknown. Holotype $, Nigeria: NE. State, Ngel Nyaki, 31.iii.1970 (/. T. Medler} (BMNH; dry mounted). Paratypes. 2 $, same data as holotype (BMNH; slide and dry mounted). Non-paratypic material. Zaire ('Congo Beige'): 1 cf, PNG, Miss. H. de Seager, II/fe/7,4.vii. 1952,3729;1 cf, PFNK 7/9, 28.vii.1952, 3842 (H. de Saeger] (MRAC). COMMENTS. This is a very distinctive species which may be easily recognised by the structure ofthe head, pronotum and forewing, the latter resembling those of the Hawaiian genera Hevahevaand Hemischizocranium. In overall appearance medleri is similar to the Indian species Petaloly-ma basalis (Walker, 1858) but the latter has a less cleft head which is more adpressed to thethorax, the pronotum is completely hidden dorsally, the mesonotum is less arched or producedforward, and the tibial spurs are much more strongly developed. Apart from the type-series I have examined 2 cf from Zaire, deposited in MRAC, which maybe conspecific but have a much shorter m\ cell (value 1-85). The genitalia are shown in Fig. 255. Trioza schroederi sp. n. Trioza schroederiTrioza schroederiTriozaschroederi6766257 (Figs 256-260) DESCRIPTION. Adult. Integument sparsely clothed with short setae. Head, in profile, depressed almost to90° from longitudinal axis of body, from above almost as wide as mesoscutum; occipital margin broadlyobtusangular; vertex rounded pentagonal, anteriorly incised by median suture and strongly rounded togenae, secondary diagonal grooves present from median ocellus backwards to lateral concavities, latterweak; median ocellus just visible from above, frons just visible in anterior view; genal cones elongateconoid, with rounded apices, in parallel plane to vertex; antennal flagellum 2-33-2-64 times longer thanhead width, a single rhinarium present subapically on flagellomeres 2, 4, 6 and 7, apical flagellomere withtwo long subequal setae apically; clypeus with a pair (rarely with a second very short pair) of setae, ultimaterostral segment with a pair of setae. Thorax weakly arched; pronotum strongly rounded down behindocciput; mesopraescutum, from above, about as long as wide, with arcuate anterior margin, in profilestrongly rounded down to pronotum; forewing (Fig. 256) elongate oval with rounded obtusangular apex,2-76-2-87 times longer than wide, membrane devoid of spinules apart from a small cloud around base ofclaval suture and triangular radular areas; veins bearing short setae, R branch acutangular, Rs long andsinuous, M branching proximal to Rs—Cuia line, Cu stem 1-32-1-71 times longer than Cwlb, m\ cell value1-47-1-65, cu} cell value 1-29-1-68; forewing 1-5 times longer than hindwing, costal margin of hindwing 66 DAVID HOLLIS with up to eight setae proximal to costal break, setae distal to costal break clearly divided into two groups;hind coxa with a well-developed meracanthus and without anterior lobe; hind tibia with 1-2 small tuberclesbasally and one outer and two inner apical spurs. Abdomen with setae on tergites 2 and 3 in cf and 3 and 4in 9; cf proctiger, paramere and aedeagus as in Figs 257-259; 9 genital segment (Fig. 260) short, conoid,proctiger with a weak transverse groove immediately posterior to anus, apex of ventral valve of ovipositorwith two ventrolateral serrations. Measurements (4 cf, 2 <j>). Maximum width of head, cf 0-49-0-56, $ 0-56-0-57; length of antennalflagellum, cf 1-19-1-48, $ 1-39; length of ultimate rostral segment, cf 0-13-0-16, $ 0-14-0-15; length offorewing, cf 2-85-3-68, $> 3-49; length of hind tibia, cf 0-47-0-62, $ 0-54-0-56. Larva and host plant unknown. One adult cf paratype was collected on Myrica conifer a (Myricaceae). Myrica coniferMyrica coniferMyricaconifer Holotype cf, Tanzania: Kilimanjaro, Bismark Hut, 2,500-3,000 m, S. Mawenzi, at foot of high pasture,ii.1912 (Chr. Schroder} (MNHU; slide mounted). Paratypes. Tanzania: 6 cf, 3 $, same data as holotype. Zaire ('Congo Beige: Ruanda'): Lac N'Gando,pied Vole. Karisimbi, 2,400 m, 6.iii.l935 (G. F. de Witte). Zimbabwe ('S. Rhodesia'): 1 Cf, Harare('Salisbury'), iii.1957, Myrica conifera (N. L. H. Krauss). (BMNH; MNHU; MRAC; slide mounted andstored in 80% ethanol.) Myrica coniferMyrica coniferMyricaconifer Myrica coniferaMyrica coniferaMyricaconifera9238452 Non-paratypic material (damaged specimens). Tanzania: 1 $, 1 ?, 'D. O. Afrika, Kilimandscharo',3000-4000 m, i.1906; 2 $, Amani, xii.1905 (Chr. Schroder) (MNHU). Zaire ('Congo Beige'): P.N.A.,Secteur Tshiaberimu, riv. Kalivina affll., Talia Nord, 2,350 m, 29.iii.1954 (P. Vanschuytbroek & H.Synave) (MRAC). COMMENTS. This species shows no clear relationships to other Afrotropical species, havingseveral features of the wing in the primitive state. It is superficially similar to theroni (p. 67),from which it differs in having long, well-developed genal cones and lacking supplementaryrhinaria on the first flagellomere. Trioza tangaesp. n. Trioza tangaeTrioza tangaeTriozatangae6170694 (Figs 18, 261-264) DESCRIPTION. Adult. Integument covered with long setae. Head, in profile, depressed almost at 90° tolongitudinal axis of body; occipital margin obtusangular; vertex pentagonal, rounded down to genae,median suture weak but complete, lateral concavities well developed; median ocellus just visible fromabove, frons completely covered by genal cones; latter well developed, conoid, with rounded apices;antennal flagellum 1-76-1-83 times longer than head width, a single rhinarium present subapically onflagellomeres 2, 4, 6 and 7, apical flagellomere twice as long as 7th (Fig. 18) and bearing one long and oneshort and truncate seta apically; clypeus with a pair of setae, ultimate rostral segment with three pairs ofsetae. Thorax weakly arched; pronotum strongly rounded down behind occiput; mesopraescutum, fromabove, about as long as wide, with a moderately arcuate anterior margin, in profile gently rounded down topronotum; forewing (Fig. 261) elongate elipsoid, narrowing distally to rounded obtusangular apex,2-62-2-79 times longer than wide, membrane devoid of spinules apart from narrow radular areas and asmall patch at base of claval suture; veins bearing moderately long setae at least in proximal half of wing, Rbranch acutangular, M branching distal to Rs—Cwla, Cu stem 2-26-2-81 times longer than Cwlb, m\ cellvalue 1-08-1-38, cu\ cell value 1-83-2-32; forewing 1-47-1-51 times longer than hindwing, costal margin ofhindwing with 0-1 seta proximal to costal break, setae distal to costal break clearly divided into two groups;hind coxa with a well-developed meracanthus and without anterior lobe; hind tibia with 3-4 small tuberclesbasally, with one outer and two inner apical spurs. Abdomen with setae on tergites 2 and 3 in cf and 3 and 4in 9; cf proctiger, paramere and aedeagus as in Figs 262-264; 9 genital segment short, conoid, ventralvalves of ovipositor arrowhead-like apically and finely serrate. Measurements (2 cT, 2 $). Maximum width of head, cf 0-41-0-47, $ 0-41-0-43; length of antennalflagellum, cf 0-75, $ 0-72-0-76; length of ultimate rostral segment, cf 0-08-0-10, £ 0-07-0-08; length offorewing, cf 2-30-2-61, $ 2-20-2-49; length of hind tibia, cf 0-48-0-52, $ 0-45-0-50. Larva and host plant unknown. Holotype cf, Tanzania: E. Usambara Mtns, Amani Res. sta., c. 3,000', 19-27.vi. 1974, yellow tray (D.Hollis} (BMNH; slide mounted). Paratypes. Tanzania: 2 $, same data as holotype; 1 cf, light-trap (D. Hollis); 1 cf, Kilimanjaro, BismarkHut, 2,500-3,000 m, S. Mawenzi, at foot of high pasture, ii.1912 (Chr. Schroder). (BMNH; MNHU; slideand dry mounted.) AFROTROPICAL JUMPING PLANT LICE 67 COMMENT. This species is distinguished by its relatively long apical flagellomere and malegenitalia, the latter resembling those of the nigricornis-group (sensu Hodkinson, 1981) in thePalaearctic Region. Trioza tenuissp. n. (Figs 36, 37, 43, 265-267) DESCRIPTION. Adult. Integument very sparsely covered with very short setae. Head, in profile (Fig. 37), at90° to longitudinal axis of body, from above (Fig. 36) almost as wide as mesoscutum; occipital margin sharpdorsomedially and strongly indented by median suture of vertex; vertex also deeply cleft by median suture,lateral concavities weak; median ocellus just visible in dorsal view, frons visible between genae in anteriorview; genal cones very poorly developed, rounded; antennal flagellum 1-51-1-63 times longer than headwidth, a single rhinarium present subapically on flagellomeres 2,4,6 and 7, apical flagellomere with a longpointed seta and a short truncate seta apically; clypeus with a pair of setae, ultimate rostral segment longand densely setose. Thorax (Figs 36, 37) moderately arched; from above the pronotum is more clearlyvisible at its lateral margins, the mesopraescutum being strongly produced forward medially, in profilepronotum strongly rounded down behind occiput and mesopraescutum angled down to pronotum;forewing (Fig. 265) elongate oval, strongly narrowing to acutangular apex, 3-08-3-19 times longer thanwide, radular areas elongate triangular, remainder of membrane devoid of spinules; veins bearing shortsetae, R branch acutangular, M branching proximal to Rs—Cwla line, Cu stem 0-28-0-35 times as long asCwlb, rat cell value 2-33-2-55, cu\ cell value 1-01-1-08; forewing 1-71-1-75 times longer than hindwing,costal margin of hindwing with up to four setae proximal to costal break, setae distal to costal break clearlydivided into two groups; hind coxa with a well-developed meracanthus and an extremely well-developedanterior lobe; hind tibia with a well-developed basal spine and one outer and three (rarely two on one tibiaonly) inner spurs apically. Abdomen with setae on tergites 2 and 3 in cf and 3 and 4 in $; cf proctigerweakly expanded laterally, paramere and aedeagus as in Figs 266, 267; $ genital segment short, conical,subgenital plate with truncate apex, ovipositor valves smooth. Measurements (2 cf, 2 $). Maximum width of head, cf and $ 0-67-0-70; length of antennal flagellum,Cf 1-09, 9 1-04-1-06; length of ultimate rostral segment, Cf 0-19-0-20, $ 0-20; length of forewing, cf 4-4, $4-66-4-74; length of hind tibia, cf 0-64-0-66, $ 0-65-0-66. Larva unknown. HOST PLANT. Few adults collected from Haplocoelum foliolosum (Sapindaceae). Haplocoelum foliolosumHaplocoelum foliolosumHaplocoelumfoliolosum5979861 Holotype cf, Angola: Bruco, 28.ii.-2.iii. 1972, Haplocoelum foliolosum (D. Hollis) (BMNH; drymounted). Haplocoelum foliolosumHaplocoelum foliolosumHaplocoelumfoliolosum5979861 Paratypes. Angola: 5 cf, 2 $, same data as holotype; 1 $, swept in riverine forest area, 26-29.ii. 1972;1 cf, Rocadas, 30.iii.1972 (D. Hollis). (BMNH; slide and dry mounted and stored in 80% ethanol.) COMMENTS. This species shares many primitive character states with ghanaensis (p. 62) but hasa more slender build, the forewing is narrower and the hind tibia has three inner apical spurs. Trioza theronisp. n. (Figs 24, 268-271) DESCRIPTION. Adult. Integument sparsely covered with short setae. Head, in profile, at almost 90° tolongitudinal axis of body, from above as wide as mesoscutum; occipital margin rounded; vertex pentago-nal, with a well-developed irregular concavity on either side of a shallow median suture, frontal lobesweakly developed; median ocellus just visible from above, frons just visible between genae in anteriorview; genae slightly swollen and genal cones poorly developed; antennal flagellum 2-60-3-23 times longerthan head width, 1st flagellomere (Fig. 24) with an apical group of 1-3 rhinaria and often with an extrarhinarium two-thirds along its length, a single rhinarium present subapically on flagellomeres 2,4,6 and 7,apical flagellomere with one long and one short and truncate seta apically; clypeus with several short setae,ultimate rostral segment with two pairs of setae. Thorax weakly arched; pronotum clearly visible fromabove but its anterior margin strongly rounded down behind occiput; mesopraescutum, from above,almost as long as wide, its anterior margin strongly arcuate and angled down to pronotum; forewing (Fig.268) elongate oval with narrowly rounded apex, 2-61-3-06 times longer than wide, radular areas narrowtriangular, remainder of membrane devoid of spinules except for cell cu2; veins bearing short setae, Rbranch acutangular, M branching proximal to Rs-Cula line, Cu stem 0-80-1-12 times as long as Cwlb, ml 68 DAVID HOLLIS cell value 1-79-2-30, cu\ cell value 0-78-0-97; forewing 1 -45-1 -54 times longer than hindwing, costal marginof hindwing with 1-2 setae proximal to costal break, setae distal to costal break clearly divided into twogroups; hind coxa with a well-developed meracanthus and without anterior lobe; hind tibia with 1-3 basalspines and one outer and two inner apical spurs. Abdomen with setae on tergite 3 in cf and 4 in $; cfproctiger, paramere and aedeagus as in Figs 269-271; $ genital segment short, conical, proctiger with ashallow transverse groove distal to anus, ventral valve of ovipositor with two small teeth on apicoventralsurface. Measurements (7 cf, 7 $). Maximum width of head, d" 0-42-0-59; $ 0-51-0-60; length of antennalflagellum, cf 1-20-1 -85,$ 1-41-1-71; length of ultimate rostral segment, cf 0-12-0-16, $ 0-14-0-17; lengthof forewing, cf 2-38-3-64, $ 3-00-3-96; length of hind tibia, cf 0-39-0-53, $ 0-45-0-55. Larva and host plant unknown. Holotype cf, South Africa: Cape Town, Milnerton, ii.1926 (R. E. Turner) (BMNH; dry mounted). Paratypes. South Africa: lcf,l $,samedataasholotype;6 $, 14-28.xii.l925(/?. E. Turner);l $,CapeProvince, Ceres, 13.xii.1969, swept; 2 cf, 3 $, 24.x.1970; 3 cf, 3 $, Rawsonville, 7.xi.l970; 2 cf, 2 $>,l.i.1971; 1 Cf, 2 $, Stellenbosch, 3.xii.l970; 1 $, 4.U971; 1 cf, Knysna, 15.i.1972 (J. G. Theron); 2 cf,Natal, Kloof, viii.1926 (R. E. Turner). (BMNH; NCI; slide and dry mounted and stored in 80% ethanol.) COMMENTS. The arrangement of supplementary rhinaria on the first flagellomere in theroni isdistinctive, but the species shows no apparent relationships to other triozids which havedeveloped supplementary rhinaria. T. schroederi (p. 65} is superficially similar to theroni buthas well-developed genal cones and a primitive arrangement of rhinaria. T. schroederiTrioza schroederiT[rioza]schroederi Trioza tundavalaesp. n. Trioza tundavalaeTrioza tundavalaeTriozatundavalae6372853 (Figs 272-274, 323,324) DESCRIPTION. Adult. Integument densely covered with long setae. Head, in profile, slightly depressed fromlongitudinal axis of body, from above narrower than mesoscutum; occipital margin obtusangular; vertexquadrate, its anterior margin rounded downwards and deeply incised by median suture, lateral concavitiesshallow but clearly defined; median ocellus visible from above, frons visible in anterior view; genal conesshort, broadly rounded, in profile depressed from plane of vertex; antennal flagellum 2-2 times longer thanhead width, a single rhinarium present subapically on flagellomeres 2,4,6 and 7, apical flagellomere with along pointed seta and a short truncate seta apically; clypeus with a pair of setae, ultimate rostral segmentwith four pairs of setae. Thorax strongly arched; pronotum clearly visible from above, in profile roundeddown to occiput; mesopraescutum, from above, slightly wider than long, anterior margin broadly arcuate;forewing (Fig. 272) ovoid with rounded apex, 2-33 times longer than wide, radular areas triangular,remainder of membrane devoid of spinules, course of/? and RI brown pigmented; veins bearing long setaein proximal third of wing, R branch acutangular, RI about 1-5 times longer than R stem, M branchingproximal to Rs—Cuia line, Cu stem 0-88-1-11 times as long as Cwlb, m\ cell value 1-44-1-48, cu\ cell value1-29-1-34; forewing 1-72-1-76 times longer than hindwing, costal margin of hindwing with up to 11 setaeproximal to costal break, setae distal to costal break clearly divided into two groups; hind coxa with awell-developed meracanthus and without anterior lobe; hind tibia without basal spine and with one outerand 2-3 inner apical spurs, cf unknown; $ abdomen with setae on tergites 3 and 4; $ genital segment (Fig.273) short; proctiger (Fig. 274) short, rounded, emarginate posteriorly, anal pore ring of wax-producingcells incomplete anteriorly and forming multiple rows posteriorly; subgenital plate very short, withtruncate posterior margin; ventral valve of ovipositor triangularly expanded apically and this expansionwith 15-16 saw-like teeth on ventrolateral surface, dorsal surface with serrations. Measurements (2 9). Maximum width of head, 0-83; length of antennal flagellum, 1-84; length ofultimate rostral segment, 0-17; length of forewing, 6-13-6-25; length of hind tibia, 0-95-0-99. Fifth instar larva (Figs 323, 324). Dorsal surface outline very broadly oval with indentations on eitherside at base of abdomen and a weak indentation medially on the posterior margin, about 1-2 times longerthan wide. Antenna with six flagellomeres. Cephaloprothorax separate from rest of thorax which hasmesothorax and metathorax almost completely divided. Forewing pad about 2-1 mm long, humeral lobeextending forward to anterior margin of eye which is close to anterior margin of cephaloprothorax. Caudalplate 0-6 times as long as wide, anus ventral and close to posterior margin of abdomen, anal pore area as inFig. 324. Narrow, elongate, truncate, tubular sectasetae, with roundly swollen bases, forming an evendense marginal fringe; lanceolate postocular sectaseta present, sectasetae absent from dorsum. AFROTROPICAL JUMPING PLANT LICE 69 HOST PLANT. Larvae collected in midrib galls on upper surfaces of leaves of Syzygiumbenguellense (Myrtaceae); adults emerged from these galls. Holotype $, Angola: Tundavala, 8-10 mis NW. Sa da Bandeira, 27-29.iii. 1972, emerged from leaf gall ofSyzygium benguellense (D. Hollis) (BMNH; dry mounted).Paratypes. 3 $, larvae, same data as holotype (BMNH; slide and dry mounted). Syzygium benguellenseSyzygium benguellenseSyzygiumbenguellense COMMENT. This large, robust, pilose species has the distinctive feature that R{ is considerablylonger than R stem, giving r1 a very broad proximal area. It has a similar general appearance toTrioza palaquii (Laing, 1930), described from specimens reared from galls of Palaquium gutta(Sapotaceae) from Malaya, but this may be convergence as both species live in enclosed galls. Trioza palaquiiTrioza palaquiiTriozapalaquii Palaquium guttaPalaquium guttaPalaquiumgutta2669992 Doubtful speciesTrioza bussei Zacher, 1915 Trioza busseiTrioza busseiTriozabussei6766224 Trioza bussei Zacher, 1915: 526; 1916: 419. Syntypes, larvae and adults, CAMEROON: Soppo, on Kickxia(not traced). Trioza busseiTrioza busseiTriozabussei6766224 The first published indication of this species was a brief description of the larva and a figure of theadult wing. Zacher (1916) gives a further description of the egg, all larval stages and the adultfemale. No diagnostic features are mentioned. The type-series was not traced and no reply wasreceived to enquiries at the Institut fur Pflanzenschutzforschung, Eberswalde. Trioza similis Heslop-Harrison, 1961 Trioza similisTrioza similisTriozasimilis6766259 Trioza similis Heslop-Harrison, 1961: 530. Holotype $, SOUTH AFRICA: 'Cape Prov., Tzitzikama Forest,Stormsrivierpiek, 13.i.1951, Loc. no. 137. In indigenous forest' (lost). Trioza similisTrioza similisTriozasimilis6766259 The original description and fig. 12 (I) mentions an anteriorly projecting epiphysis on the ventralsurface of the subgenital plate, but this is not shown in fig. 12 (H). No other diagnostic featuresare mentioned. References Akanbi, M. 0.1981. Preliminary notes on Triozamia lamborni (Newstead) (Hem. Psyllidae), a potentially Triozamia lamborniTriozamia lamborniTriozamialamborni6766266 dangerous pest oiAntiaris africana. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 116: 113-115,1 fig.Ashmead, W. H. 1881. On the Aphididae of Florida with descriptions of new species. (Paper No. 2). Antiaris africanaAntiaris africanaAntiarisafricana9028661 Canadian Entomologist 13: 220-225.Awadallah, K. T. & Swailem, S. M. 1971. On the bionomics of the Sycamore Fig psyllid Pauropsylla trichaeta Pettey. Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique d'Egypte 55: 193-199,1 fig.Bekker-Migdisova, E. E. 1973. On the systematics of the Psyllomorpha and the position of the group within the Order Homoptera. Chteniya Pamyati Nakolaya Aleksandruriya Kholodovskogo 1971 (Leningrad): 90-177,2 figs. [In Russian. English translation available from British Library Lending Division, no. RTS 8526.]Berg, C. C. 1977. Revisions of African Moraceae (excluding Dorstenia, Ficus, Musanga and Myrianthus). Bulletin du Jar din botanique national de Belgique 47: 267-407, 35 figs.Blanchard, E. 1852. V. Afidideos. In Gay, C. (Ed.), Historia Fisica y Politica de Chile, Zoologia 7: 306-320, pi. 3.Bordage, E. 1898. Notes d'entomologie agricole tropicale. II. Un ennemi du Vanillier. Revue Agricole de la Reunion!: 524-525. 1914. Notes biologiques recueillies a 1'Ile de la Reunion. Bulletin Scientifique de la France et de la Belgique (7) 47: 407-410.Boselli, F. B. 19300. Studii sugli Psyllidi (Homoptera: Psyllidae o Chermidae), VI. Psyllidi di Formosa raccolti dal Dr. R. Takahashi. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generate et Agraria del R. Istituto Superiore Agrario di Portici 24: 175-210, 17 figs. 19306. Studii sugli Psyllidi. IX. Descrizione di una Triozina galligena su agrumi in Eritrea. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale et Agraria del R. Istituto Superiore Agrario di Portici 24:228-232,2 figs. 1931. Studii sugli Psyllidi (Homoptera: Psyllidae o Chermidae). X. Istituzione di un nuovo genere e 70 DAVID HOLLIS descrizione di Egeirotrioza ceardi (De Bergevin) euphratica n. var., Triozina galligena su Populuseuphratica in Mesopotamia. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generate e Agraria del R. IstitutoSuper lore Agrario di Portici 24: 267-278, 6 figs. Egeirotrioza ceardiEgeirotrioza ceardiEgeirotriozaceardi6361079 Buckton, G. B. 1900. Description of a new species of Psylla destructive to forest trees. Indian MuseumNotes 5: 35-36. Caldwell, J. S. 1940. New genera and species of jumping plant-lice from the Hawaiian Islands withdescriptions of several immature stages (Homoptera: Psyllidae). Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomo-logical Society 10: 389-397,1 fig., pis 22,23. - 1944. Psyllidae from tropical and semitropical America (Homoptera). Journal of the New YorkEntomological Society 52: 335-340,1 pi. Capener, A. L. 1970. Southern African Psyllidae (Homoptera) - 1: A check list of species recorded fromSouth Africa, with notes on the Pettey collection. Journal of the Entomological Society of SouthernAfrica 33: 195-200. — 1973. Southern African Psyllidae (Homoptera) - 3: A new genus and new species of South AfricanPsyllidae. Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa 36: 37-61,123 figs. Carmin, J. 1951. Two new species of Pauropsylla (Psyllidae, Rhynchota). Bulletin of the IndependentBiological Laboratories Kefar-Malal9(2): 1-3,10 figs. Catling, H. D. 1969a. The bionomics of the South African citrus psylla, Trioza erytreae (Del Guercio)(Homoptera: Psyllidae) 1. The influence of the flushing rhythm of citrus and factors which regulateflushing. Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa 32:191-208, 9 figs.—19696. The bionomics of the South African citrus psylla, Trioza erytreae (Del Guercio) (Homoptera:Psyllidae) 2. The influence of parasites and notes on the species involved. Journal of the EntomologicalSociety of Southern Africa 32: 209-223, 4 figs. Trioza erytreaeTrioza erytreaeTriozaerytreae5455476 — 1969c. The bionomics of the South African citrus psylla, Trioza erytreae (Del Guercio) (Homoptera:Psyllidae) 3. The influence of extremes of weather on survival. Journal of the Entomological Society ofSouthern Africa 32: 273-290, 8 figs. Trioza erytreaeTrioza erytreaeTriozaerytreae5455476 — 1970. The bionomics of the South African citrus psylla, Trioza erytreae (Del Guercio) (Homoptera:Psyllidae) 4. The influence of predators. Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa 33:341-348, 9 figs. Trioza erytreaeTrioza erytreaeTriozaerytreae5455476 - 1971. The bionomics of the South African citrus psylla, Trioza erytreae (Del Guercio) (Homoptera:Psyllidae) 5. The influence of host plant quality. Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa34: 381-391, 2 figs. Trioza erytreaeTrioza erytreaeTriozaerytreae5455476 1972. The bionomics of the South African citrus psylla, Trioza erytreae (Del Guercio) (Homoptera: Trioza erytreaeTrioza erytreaeTriozaerytreae5455476 Psyllidae) 6. Final population studies and a discussion of population dynamics. Journal of the Entomolo-gical Society of Southern Africa 35: 235-251, 4 figs. 1973. Notes on the biology of the South African citrus psylla, Trioza erytreae (Del Guercio) Trioza erytreaeTrioza erytreaeTriozaerytreae5455476 (Homoptera: Psyllidae). Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa 36: 299-306, 4 figs.Crawford, D. L. 1910. American Psyllidae I (Triozinae). Pomona College Journal of Entomology 2:228-237, figs 98-99. - 1911. American Psyllidae IV (A partial revision of subfamilies). Pomona College Journal ofEntomology 3: 480-503, figs 157-160. - 1914. A monograph of the jumping plant-lice or Psyllidae of the New World. Bulletin of the UnitedStates National Museum 85: ix+186pp., 30 pis. - 1915. Ceylonese and Philippine Psyllidae (Homoptera). Philippine Journal of Science (D) 10 (4):257-267,1 pi. —1918. The jumping plant-lice (Family Psyllidae) of the Hawaiian Islands. A study in insect evolution.Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society 3: 430-456, pi. 8. 1919. The jumping plant-lice of the palaeotropics and the south Pacific islands. Family Psyllidae, or Chermidae, Homoptera. Philippine J ournal of Science 15: 139-207, 3 pis. 1927. Hemiptera. Psyllidae (Chermidae). Insects of Samoa 2 (1): 29-33, 4 figs. Dahlgren, R. 1977. A commentary on a diagrammatic presentation of the angiosperms in relation to the distribution of character states. Plant Systematics and Evolution, Supplement 1: 253-283,12 figs.Dc.bski, B. 1918 [?]. Liste des cecides signalees en Egypte jusqu'a ce jour. Memoires de la Societe Entomologique d'Egypte 1 (4): 3-38.Del Guercio, G. 1918. Note ed osservazioni di entomologia agraria. II cecidio delle foglie del limone ed il suo cecidozoo in Eritrea. Agricultura Colonials 1918: 167-169, 2 figs, 1 pi.Dobreanu, E. & Manolache, C. 1962. Homoptera Psylloidea. Fauna Republicii Populare Romine Insecta 8 (3): 1-376, 270 figs. AFROTROPICAL JUMPING PLANT LICE 71 Eastop, V.F. 1961. Some aspects of psyllid taxonomy. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (13) 4:169.Edwards, J. 1896. The Hemiptera-Homoptera of the British Islands, Psyllina: 224—261, pis 26-30. London.Emden, H. F. van (Ed.) 1972. Aphid technology with special reference to the study ofaphids in the field, xiv + 344pp. London.Enderlein, G. 1918. Psyllidologica V. Zoologische Jahrbiicher (Systematik) 41: 479-486, 7 figs, pi. 7. 1921. Psyllidologica VI. Zoologischer Anzeiger 52: 115-122,2 figs. 1926. Psyllidologica VIII. Entomologische Mitteilungen 15: 397-401. Foerster, A. 1848. Uebersicht der Gattungen und Arten in der Familie der Psylloden. Verhandlungen des naturhistorischen Vereins derpreussischen Rheinlande und Westfalens 5: 65-94.Ferris, G. F. 1926. Observations on the Chermidae (Hemiptera; Homoptera). Part III. Canadian Entomologist 58: 13-20, 5 figs.Froggatt, W. W. 1901. Australian Psyllidae. Part II. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 1901: 242-298, pis 14-16.Harris, W. V. 1936. Notes on two injurious psyllids and their control. East African Agricultural Journal 1: 498-500,4 figs.Heslop-Harrison, G. 1958. Subfamily separation in the homopterous Psyllidae - III (a-c). Annals and Magazine of Natural History (13) 1: 561-579. -1961. Hemiptera (Homoptera) Psyllidae. South African Animal Life 8: 487-532,12 figs.Hodkinson, I. D. 1981. Status and taxonomy of the Trioza (Bactericera) nigricornis Forster complex (Hemiptera: Triozidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research 71: 671-679, 27 figs.Hollis, D. 1976. Jumping plant lice of the tribe Ciriacremini (Homoptera: Psylloidea) in the Ethiopian Region. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) 34:1-83,191 figs.Kieffer, J. J. 1905. Etude sur de nouveaux insectes et phytoptides gallicoles du Bengale. II. Psyllides. Annales de la Societe Scientifique de Bruxelles 29: 159-182, figs. 5-14. 1908. Description de galles et d'insectes gallicoles d'Asie. Marcellia 7:149-167,4 figs, pis 3, 4. Kirkaldy, G. W. 1904. Bibliographical and nomenclatorial notes on the Hemiptera-No. 3. Entomologist 37: 279-283. Klimaszewski, S. M. 1962 Bemerkungen iiber einige neotropische Blattfloh-Arten (Homoptera, Psylli-dae). Bulletin de VAcademic Polonaise des Sciences. Serie de Sciences Biologiques 10: 251-255, 9 figs. 1964. Studien iiber die Systematik der Unterordnung Psylloidea. Annales Zoologici, Warszawa 22: 81-138. 1968. Stosunki pokrewienstwa srodkowoeurope jskich gatungkow z rodzaju Trioza Forst. (Homop-tera, Psyllodea) w swietle badari metodami taksonomii numerycznej. Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie -Sklodowska Lublin (C) 22: 1-20. 1973. The jumping plant lice or psyllids (Homoptera, Psyllodea) of the Palaearctic. An annotated check-list. Annales Zoologici, Warszawa 30: 155-286. 1975. Psylloidea koliszki (Insecta: Homoptera). Fauna Polski 3: 1-294, 512 figs. Kuwayama, S. 1910. Die psylliden Japans. II. Transactions of the Sapporo Natural History Society 3: 53-66 + [lj.pl. 2.Kwon, Y. J. 1983. 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Preliminary observations on the choice of host plants by adults of the citrus psylla, Triozaerytreae (Del Guercio) (Homoptera: Psyllidae). Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa31:403^410,1 fig. Moran, V. C. & Blowers, J. R. 1967. On the biology of the South African citrus psylla, Trioza erytreae (Del Trioza erytreaeTrioza erytreaeTriozaerytreae5455476 Guercio) (Homoptera: Psyllidae). Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa 30: 96-106,8 figs.Moran, V. C. & Brown, R. P. 1973. The antennae, host plant chemoreception and probing activity of the citrus psylla Trioza erytreae (Del Guercio) (Homoptera: Psyllidae). Journal of the Entomological Society Trioza erytreaeTrioza erytreaeTriozaerytreae5455476 of Southern Africa 36: 191-202, 7 figs. Moran, V. C. & Buchan, R. P. 1975. Oviposition by the citrus psylla, Trioza erytreae (Homop-tera: Psyllidae), in relation to leaf hardness. Entomologia Experimental et Applicata 18: 96-104, 3 Trioza erytreaeTrioza erytreaeTriozaerytreae5455476 figs.Mound, L. A. & Halsey, S. H. 1978. Whitefly of the world. A systematic catalogue of the Aleyrodidae (Homoptera) with host plant and natural enemy data, [vi] + 340 pp. Chichester.Newstead, R. 1914. VI. Homoptera (Psyllidae and Coccidae) collected in the Lagos District by W. A. Lamborn. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1913: 520-524, pi. 29.Orian, A. 1972. The Psylloidea of Mauritius, with a description of Trioza eastopi sp. nov. Fauna of Trioza eastopiTrioza eastopiTriozaeastopi6766232 Mauritius 1 (1): [i] + 1-6 + [ii], 10 pis.Oshanin, B. 1912. Katalog der paldarktischen Hemipteren (Heteroptera, Homoptera-Auchenorhyncha und Psylloidea), xvi + 187 pp. Berlin.Pettey, F. W. 1923. A new species of psyllid. South African Journal of Natural History 4: 30-33, 6 figs. - 1924. South African psyllids. Entomology Memoirs. 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On certain genera and species of the group Psyllidae in the collection of the British Museum.Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1882: 449-473, pis 18,19. Sulc, K. 1909. Trioza cockerelli n. sp., a novelty from North America, being also of economic importance.Casopis Ceske Spolecnosti Entomologicke 6: 102-108,14 figs. Trioza cockerelliTrioza cockerelliTriozacockerelli - 1910. Monographia generis Trioza Foerster. Species Regionis Palaearcticae. Pars. I., No. 1-10.Sitzungsberichte der Koniglichen Bdhmischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften 1910 (17): 1-34, pis 1-10. - 1911. Monographia generis Trioza Foerster. Species Regionis Palaearcticae. Pars II., No. 11-20.Sitzungsberichte der Koniglichen Bdhmischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften 1911 (5): 1-34, pis 11-20. - 1912. Monographia generis Trioza Foerster. Species Regionis Palaearcticae. Pars III., No. 21-35.Sitzungsberichte der Koniglichen Bdhmischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften 1912 (16): 1-63, pis 21-35. 1913. Monographia generis Trioza Foerster. Species Regionis Palaearcticae. Pars IV., No. 36-49. Sitzungsberichte der Koniglichen Bdhmischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften 1913 (1): 1-48, pis 36-68. Takahashi, R. 1932. Aleyrodidae of Formosa. Part 1. Report of the Department of Agriculture, Govern-ment Research Institute, Formosa, Japan 59: 1-52, 33 figs. Thomson, C. G. 1877. XXIX. Ofversigt af Skandinaviens Chermes-arter. Opuscula Entomologica (EdititC. G. Thomson), TrelleborgS: 820-841. Thome, R. F. 1976. A phylogenetic classification of the Angiospermae. Evolutionary Biology 9: 35-106,4figs. Tuthill, L. D. 1938. Some new North American Psyllidae (Homoptera). Entomological News 49: 241-246,pi. 5. - 1939. Neotriozella and a new related genus (Homoptera: Psyllidae). Bulletin of the BrooklynEntomological Society 34: 51-54. - 1943. The psyllids of America north of Mexico (Psyllidae: Homoptera) (Subfamilies Psyllinae andTriozinae). Iowa State College Journal of Science 17: 443-660, 313 figs. - 1944. Contributions to the knowledge of the Psyllidae of Mexico. Journal of the Kansas Entomologi-cal Society 17: 143-159, figs 1-35. - 1945. Contributions to the knowledge of the Psyllidae of Mexico. Journal of the Kansas Entomologi-cal Society 18: 1-29, figs 36-93. - 1952. On the Psyllidae of New Zealand (Homoptera). Pacific Science 6: 83-125, 32 figs. 1956. A new genus of Psyllidae from Hawaii (Homoptera). Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomolo- gical Society 16: 158-161, 2 figs. - 1959. Los Psyllidae del Peru Central (Insecta: Homoptera). Revista Peruana de EntomologicaAgricola 2 (2): 1-27, 28 figs. 1964. Conocimientos Adicionales sobre los Psyllidae (Homoptera) del Peru. Revista Peruana de Entomologia 7(1): 25-32,11 figs.Tuthill, L. D. & Taylor, K. L. 1955. Australian genera of the family Psyllidae (Hemiptera: Homoptera). Australian Journal of Zoology 3: 227-251, 22 figs.Uichanco, L. B. 1921. New records and species of Psyllidae from the Philippine Islands, with descriptions of some preadult stages and habits. Philippine Journal of Science 18: 259-288, 5 pis.Van Der Merwe, C. P. 1941. The Citrus Psylla (Spanioza erytreae, del G.). Science Bulletin, Union of South Spanioza erytreaeSpanioza erytreaeSpaniozaerytreae Africa, Department of Agriculture and Forestry 233 (Entomology Series No. 8): 1-12,1 pi.Vondracek, K. 1957. Mery-Psylloidea. Fauna CSR 9: 1-431,265 figs. - 1963. Jumping plant-lice (Psylloidea - Homoptera) of Central Africa. Part 1 (Congo). Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 35: 263-290, 84 figs.Walker, F. 1858. List of specimens of homopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Supplement. [4] + 369 pp. London. Waterston, J. 1922. On the chalcid parasites of psyllids (Hemiptera, Homoptera). Bulletin of Entomologi-cal Research 13: 41-58, 7 figs.White, I. M. 1980. Nymphal taxonomy and systematics of the Psylloidea (Insecta: Homoptera). [xv], 340, 12, 8, 4, 20, 8,1pp. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, CNAA, Liverpool Polytechnic.Willcocks, F. C. 1922 [?]. A survey of the more important economic insects and mites of Egypt, viii + 482 + [i] pp. Cairo. 74 DAVID HOLLIS Zacher, F. 1915. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der westafrikanischen Pflanzenschadlinge. Tropenpflanzer, Berlin 18: 504-534, 35 figs. —1916. Neue und wenig bekannte Pflanzenschadlinge aus unseren Kolonien. Zeitschriftfiir angewandte Entomologie 3: 418-425, 15 figs.Zimmermann, E. C. 1948. Homoptera: Sternorhyncha. Superfamily Psylloidea. Insects of Hawaii 5- 12-38,15 figs. Figs 56-64 Triozamia species. 56-58, T. usambarensis; 56, forewing; 57, paramere; 58, apical segmentsof aedeagus. 59-62, T. vondraceki; 59, cf proctiger, lateral view; 60, paramere; 61, apical segments ofaedeagus; 62, $ proctiger, dorsal view. 63, 64, T. lamborni, 63, paramere; 64, apical segments ofaedeagus. T. vondracekiTriozamia vondracekiT[riozamia]vondraceki T. usambarensisTriozamia usambarensisT[riozamia]usambarensis T. lamborniTriozamia lamborniT[riozamia]lamborni AFROTROPICAL JUMPING PLANT LICE 75 O5 O-5 68 71 Figs 65-71 Afrotropical Triozidae. 65-68, Afrotrioza bersama; 65, forewing; 66, d" proctiger, lateralview; 67, paramere; 68, apical segment of aedeagus. 69-71, Trichochermes insleyi; 69, forewing; 70,paramere; 71, apical segment of aedeagus. Afrotrioza bersamaAfrotrioza bersamaAfrotriozabersama6766177 76 DAVID HOLLIS 05 Figs 72-79 Pauropsylla willcocksi-group. 72-74, P. willcocksi; 72, O" proctiger, posterior view; 73, apicalsegment of aedeagus; 74, $ genital segment, lateral view. 75-78, P. trichaeta; 75, forewing; 76, cfproctiger, posterior view; 77, paramere; 78, apical segment of aedeagus. 79, P. tatrichea, § genitalsegment, lateral view. Pauropsylla willcocksiPauropsylla willcocksiPauropsyllawillcocksi5643055 P. tatricheaPauropsylla tatricheaP[auropsylla]tatrichea P. trichaetaPauropsylla trichaetaP[auropsylla]trichaeta P. willcocksiPauropsylla willcocksiP[auropsylla]willcocksi AFROTROPICAL JUMPING PLANT LICE 77 82 88 86 89 Figs 80-92 Pauropsylla species. 80-82, P. trigemma; 80, forewing; 81, paramere; 82, apical segment ofaedeagus. 83, P. ngongae, forewing. 84, 85, P. breviantennata, 84, forewing; 85, C? genitalia, lateralview. 86-89, P. septima; 86, forewing; 87, paramere; 88, apical segment of aedeagus; 89, medianposterior margin of 9 subgenital plate, ventral view. 90-92, P. proxima; 90, paramere; 91, apicalsegment of aedeagus; 92, median posterior margin of $ subgenital plate, ventral view. P. proximaPauropsylla proximaP[auropsylla]proxima P. septimaPauropsylla septimaP[auropsylla]septima P. trigemmaPauropsylla trigemmaP[auropsylla]trigemma P. breviantennataPauropsylla breviantennataP[auropsylla]breviantennata P. ngongaePauropsylla ngongaeP[auropsylla]ngongae 78 DAVID HOLLIS 102 105 96 103 106 107 100 104 108 Figs 93-108 Pauropsylla species. 93, 94, P. angolensis; 93, paramere; 94, apical segment of aedeagus.95-97, P. eastopi; 95, paramere; 96, apical segment of aedeagus; 97, c? proctiger, posterior view.98-101, P. longipes; 98, paramere; 99, apical segment of aedeagus; 100, C? proctiger, posterior view;101, 9 genital segment, lateral view. 102-104, P. mistura; 102, paramere; 103, apical segment ofaedeagus; 104, 9 genital segment, lateral view. 105-108, P. senegalensis, 105, paramere; 106, apicalsegment of aedeagus; 107, c? proctiger, posterior view; 108, 9 genital segment, lateral view. P. misturaPauropsylla misturaP[auropsylla]mistura P. senegalensisPauropsylla senegalensisP[auropsylla]senegalensis P. angolensisPauropsylla angolensisP[auropsylla]angolensis P. eastopiPauropsylla eastopiP[auropsylla]eastopi P. longipesPauropsylla longipesP[auropsylla]longipes AFROTROPICAL JUMPING PLANT LICE 79 125 Figs 109-125 Trioza erytreae-group, cf genitalia. 109-111, T. erytreae; 109, proctiger, lateral view; 110,paramere; 111, apical segment of aedeagus. 112,113, T. catlingi; 112, paramere; 113, apical segment ofaedeagus. 114,115, T. gregoryi; 114, paramere; 115, apical segment of aedeagus. 116,117, T. ata; 116,paramere; 117, apical segment of aedeagus. 118, T. kilimanjarica,parameTe. 119-121, T. tiliacora; 119,proctiger, lateral view; 120, paramere; 121, apical segment of aedeagus. 122-124, T. carvalhoi; 122,proctiger, lateral view; 123, paramere; 124, apical segment of aedeagus. 125, T. eafra, paramere. T. erytreaeTanzania erytreaeT[anzania]erytreae T. ataTrioza ataT[rioza]ata T. carvalhoiTrioza carvalhoiT[rioza]carvalhoi T. gregoryiTrioza gregoryiT[rioza]gregoryi Trioza erytreaeTrioza erytreaeTriozaerytreae5455476 T. tiliacoraTrioza tiliacoraT[rioza]tiliacora T. catlingiTrioza catlingiT[rioza]catlingi T. eafraTrioza eafraT[rioza]eafra 80 DAVID HOLLIS 126 129 127 128 130 132 134 133 Figs 126-134 Trioza erytreae and litseae-groups. 126, 127, T. erytreae; 126, forewing; 127, $ genitalsegment, lateral view. 128, T. ata, apex of lower valve of ovipositor. 129, T. tiliacora, forewing. 130, T.carvalhoi, forewing. 131-134, T. xylopia; 131, forewing; 132, cf proctiger, lateral view; 133, paramere;134, apical segment of aedeagus. T. erytreaeTanzania erytreaeT[anzania]erytreae T. ataTrioza ataT[rioza]ata Trioza erytreaeTrioza erytreaeTriozaerytreae5455476 T. xylopiaTanzania xylopiaT[anzania]xylopia T. tiliacoraTrioza tiliacoraT[rioza]tiliacora AFROTROPICAL JUMPING PLANT LICE 81 138 148 147 150 Figs 135-150 Trioza anomalicornis-group. 135-138, T. anomalicornis; 135, cf proctiger, lateral view;136, apical segment of aedeagus; 137, paramere; 138, 9 genital segment, lateral view. 139-141, T.kakamegae; 139, cf proctiger, lateral view; 140, apical segment of aedeagus; 141, paramere. 142-144, T.thibae; 142, cf proctiger, lateral view; 143, apical segment of aedeagus; 144, paramere. 145-147, T.tavandula; 145, cf proctiger, lateral view; 146, apical segment of aedeagus; 147, paramere. 148-150, T.luvandata; 148, cf proctiger, lateral view; 149, apical segment of aedeagus; 150, paramere. Trioza anomalicornisTrioza anomalicornisTriozaanomalicornis6766218 T. anomalicornisTrioza anomalicornisT[rioza]anomalicornis 82 DAVID HOLLIS Figs 151-161 Trioza neoboutonia-group. 151-155, T. neoboutonia; 151, forewing; 152, d" proctiger,lateral view; 153, apical segment of aedeagus; 154, paramere; 155, $ genital segment, lateral view.156-158, T. harteni; 156, forewing; 157, paramere; 158, $ genital segment, lateral view. 159-161, T.chiangae; 159, forewing; 160, paramere; 161, $ genital segment, lateral view. T. neoboutoniaTrioza neoboutoniaT[rioza]neoboutonia Trioza neoboutoniaTrioza neoboutoniaTriozaneoboutonia6766254 T. harteniTrioza harteniT[rioza]harteni AFROTROPICAL JUMPING PLANT LICE 83 165 174 176 Figs 162-177 Trioza neoboutonia and hargreaves/-groups. 162-164, T. bamendae; 162, d" proctiger,lateral view; 163, paramere; 164, apical segment of aedeagus. 165-168, T. dinaba; 165, forewing; 166, cfproctiger, lateral view; 167, paramere; 168, apical segment of aedeagus. 169-172, T. nachingweae; 169,forewing; 170, paramere; 171, apical segment of aedeagus; 172, 9 genital segment, lateral view.173-175, T. hargreavesi; 173, forewing; 174, paramere; 175, apical segment of aedeagus. 176, 177, T.mirificornis; 176, paramere; 177, apical segment of aedeagus. T. dinabaTrioza dinabaT[rioza]dinaba Trioza neoboutoniaTrioza neoboutoniaTriozaneoboutonia6766254 T. bamendaeTrioza bamendaeT[rioza]bamendae T. nachingweaeTrioza nachingweaeT[rioza]nachingweae T. hargreavesiTrioza hargreavesiT[rioza]hargreavesi 84 DAVID HOLLIS Figs 17&-189 Trioza obsoleta-group. 178-182, T. afrobsoleta; 178, forewing; 179, hindwing; 180, C?proctiger, lateral view; 181, paramere; 182, apical segment of aedeagus. 183-187, T. gonjae; 183,forewing; 184, hindwing; 185, O" proctiger, lateral view; 186, paramere; 187, apical segment ofaedeagus. 188,189, T. boxi; 188, forewing; 189, hindwing. Trioza obsoletaTrioza obsoletaTriozaobsoleta6456000 T. gonjaeTrioza gonjaeT[rioza]gonjae T. afrobsoletaTrioza afrobsoletaT[rioza]afrobsoleta T. boxiTrioza boxiT[rioza]boxi AFROTROPIC^L JUMPING PLANT LICE 85 196 Figs 190-197 Trioza obsoleta-group. 190-193, T. afrosersalisia; 190, forewing; 191, cf proctiger, lateralview; 192, paramere; 193, apical segment of aedeagus. 194-197, T. mimusops; 194, forewing; 195, cfproctiger, lateral view; 196, paramere; 197, apical segment of aedeagus. T. afrosersalisiaTrioza afrosersalisiaT[rioza]afrosersalisia Trioza obsoletaTrioza obsoletaTriozaobsoleta6456000 T. mimusopsTrioza mimusopsT[rioza]mimusops DAVID HOLLIS 207 206 201 210 214 Figs 198-215 Trioza etiennei-group. 198-201, T. etiennei; 198, forewing; 199, c? proctiger, lateral view;200, apical segment of aedeagus; 201, paramere. 202-206, T. messaratina; 202, forewing; 203, pro-notum, anterodorsal view; 204, C? proctiger, lateral view; 205, apical segment of aedeagus; 206,paramere. 207-211. T. seranistama; 207, forewing; 208, cf proctiger, lateral view; 209, apical segment ofaedeagus; 210, paramere; 211, $ genital segment, lateral view. 212, 213, T. nestasimara; 212, apicalsegment of aedeagus; 213, paramere. 214,215, T. earnerounensis; 214, apical segment of aedeagus; 215,paramere (slightly anterior view). T. nestasimaraTrioza nestasimaraT[rioza]nestasimara Trioza etienneiTrioza etienneiTriozaetiennei6766234 T. etienneiTrioza etienneiT[rioza]etiennei T. messaratinaTrioza messaratinaT[rioza]messaratina T. seranistamaTrioza seranistamaT[rioza]seranistama AFROTROPICAL JUMPING PLANT LICE 87 221 220 223 224 Figs 216-224 Trioza etiennei and glabea-groups. 216-218, T. pitkini; 216, forewing; 217, paramere; 218,apical segment of aedeagus. 219-222, T. glabea; 219, forewing; 220, O" proctiger, lateral view; 221,paramere; 222, apical segment of aedeagus. 223,224, T. usambarica; 223, paramere; 224, apical segmentofaedeagus. T. usambaricaTrioza usambaricaT[rioza]usambarica T. pitkiniTrioza pitkiniT[rioza]pitkini Trioza etienneiTrioza etienneiTriozaetiennei6766234 T. glabeaTrioza glabeaT[rioza]glabea 88 DAVID HOLLIS 239 237 240 Figs 225-240 Trioza species. 225-228, T. capensis; 225, forewing; 226, cf proctiger, lateral view; 227,paramere; 228, apical segment of aedeagus. 229-232, T.ficicola; 229, forewing; 230, cf proctiger, lateralview; 231, paramere; 232, apical segment of aedeagus. 233-236, T. fuscivena; 233, forewing; 234,paramere; 235, apical segment of aedeagus; 236, $ genital segment, lateral view. 237-240, T.ghanaensis; 237, forewing; 238, cf proctiger, lateral view; 239, paramere; 240, apical segment ofaedeagus. T. fuscivenaTrioza fuscivenaT[rioza]fuscivena T. capensisTrioza capensisT[rioza]capensis AFROTROPICAL JUMPING PLANT LICE 89 253 Figs 241-253 Trioza species. 241-244, T. guiera; 241, forewing; 242, cf proctiger, lateral view; 243,paramere; 244, apical segment of aedeagus. 245-248, T. karroo; 245, forewing; 246, cf proctiger, lateralview; 247, apical segment of aedeagus; 248, $ genital segment, lateral view. 249-253, T. laingi; 249,forewing; 250, cf proctiger, lateral view; 251, paramere; 252, apical segment of aedeagus; 253, $ genitalsegment, lateral view. T. guieraTrioza guieraT[rioza]guiera T. karrooTrioza karrooT[rioza]karroo T. laingiTrioza laingiT[rioza]laingi 90 DAVID HOLLIS Figs 254-264 Trioza species. 254, T. medleri, forewing. 255, Trioza sp. tmedleri, a" genitalia, lateral view(specimen from Zaire in MRAC). 256-260, T. schroederi; 256, forewing; 257, cf proctiger, lateral view;258, paramere; 259, apical segment of aedeagus; 260, $ genital segment, lateral view. 261-264, T.tangae; 261, forewing; 262, O" proctiger, lateral view; 263, paramere; 264, apical segment of aedeagus. T. medleriTrioza medleriT[rioza]medleri T. schroederiTrioza schroederiT[rioza]schroederi AFROTROPICAL JUMPING PLANT LICE 91 272 274 Figs 265-274 Trioza species. 265-267, T. tennis; 265, forewing; 266, paramere; 267, apical segment ofaedeagus. 268-271, T. theroni; 268, forewing; 269, O" proctiger, lateral view; 270, paramere; 271, apicalsegment of aedeagus. 272-274, T. tundavalae; 272, forewing; 273, $ genital segment, lateral view; 274,9 proctiger, posterodorsal view. T. tennisTrioza tennisT[rioza]tennis T. tundavalaeTrioza tundavalaeT[rioza]tundavalae 92 DAVID HOLLIS 275 277 279 278 276 Figs 275-279 Afrotropical Triozidae, 5th instar larvae. 275-277, Triozamia lamborni; 275, dorsal view;276, dorsal (D) and ventral (V) views of caudal plate; 277, anal pore area. 278,279, Afrotrioza bersama;278, dorsal view; 279, anal pore area. Afrotrioza bersamaAfrotrioza bersamaAfrotriozabersama6766177 Triozamia lamborniTriozamia lamborniTriozamialamborni6766266 AFROTROPICAL JUMPING PLANT LICE 93 280 281 Figs 280-282 Pauropsylla willcocksi-group, 5th instar larvae. 280, 281, P. willcocksi; 280, dorsal view;281, anal pore area. 282, P. trichaeta, dorsal view. Pauropsylla willcocksiPauropsylla willcocksiPauropsyllawillcocksi5643055 P. trichaetaPauropsylla trichaetaP[auropsylla]trichaeta P. willcocksiPauropsylla willcocksiP[auropsylla]willcocksi 94 DAVID HOLLIS 283 285 284 286 288 Figs 283-288 Pauropsylla species, 4th and 5th instar larvae. 283, 284, P. proximo; 283, 4th instar larva,dorsal view; 284, anal pore area of same. 285,286, P. senegalensis; 285,5th instar larva, dorsal view; 286,anal pore area of same. 287, 288, P. longipes; 287, 5th instar larva, dorsal view; 288, anal pore area ofsame. P. senegalensisPauropsylla senegalensisP[auropsylla]senegalensis P. longipesPauropsylla longipesP[auropsylla]longipes AFROTROPICAL JUMPING PLANT LICE 95 295 Figs 289-297 Trioza erytreae-group, 5th instar larvae. 289, 290, T. erytreae; 289, dorsal view; 290, analpore area. 291, 292, T. catlingi; 291, dorsal view; 292, anal pore area. 293, 294, T. tiliacora; 293, dorsalview; 294, anal pore area. 295,296, T. carvalhoi; 295, dorsal view; 296, anal pore area. 297, T. capeneri,anal pore area. T. erytreaeTanzania erytreaeT[anzania]erytreae T. carvalhoiTrioza carvalhoiT[rioza]carvalhoi Trioza erytreaeTrioza erytreaeTriozaerytreae5455476 T. tiliacoraTrioza tiliacoraT[rioza]tiliacora T. catlingiTrioza catlingiT[rioza]catlingi T. capeneriTrioza capeneriT[rioza]capeneri 96 DAVID HOLLIS Figs 298-303 Trioza species, 5th instar larvae. 298,299, T. xylopia; 298, dorsal view; 299, anal pore area.300,301, T. litseae; 300, dorsal view; 301, anal pore area. 302, 303, T. kakamegae; 302, dorsal view; 303,anal pore area. T. litseaeTanzania litseaeT[anzania]litseae